feat: implement GamePak out-of-bounds reads

src/Bus.zig

@@ -54,20 +54,20 @@ pub fn deinit(self: Self) void {
 pub fn read32(self: *const Self, addr: u32) u32 {
     return switch (addr) {
         // General Internal Memory
-        0x0000_0000...0x0000_3FFF => self.bios.get32(addr),
+        0x0000_0000...0x0000_3FFF => self.bios.read(u32, addr),
-        0x0200_0000...0x02FF_FFFF => self.ewram.get32(addr & 0x3FFFF),
+        0x0200_0000...0x02FF_FFFF => self.ewram.read(u32, addr),
-        0x0300_0000...0x03FF_FFFF => self.iwram.get32(addr & 0x7FFF),
+        0x0300_0000...0x03FF_FFFF => self.iwram.read(u32, addr),
         0x0400_0000...0x0400_03FE => io.read32(self, addr),
 
         // Internal Display Memory
-        0x0500_0000...0x05FF_FFFF => self.ppu.palette.get32(addr & 0x3FF),
+        0x0500_0000...0x05FF_FFFF => self.ppu.palette.read(u32, addr),
-        0x0600_0000...0x0601_7FFF => self.ppu.vram.get32(addr - 0x0600_0000),
+        0x0600_0000...0x06FF_FFFF => self.ppu.vram.read(u32, addr),
-        0x0700_0000...0x07FF_FFFF => self.ppu.oam.get32(addr & 0x3FF),
+        0x0700_0000...0x07FF_FFFF => self.ppu.oam.read(u32, addr),
 
         // External Memory (Game Pak)
-        0x0800_0000...0x09FF_FFFF => self.pak.get32(addr - 0x0800_0000),
+        0x0800_0000...0x09FF_FFFF => self.pak.read(u32, addr),
-        0x0A00_0000...0x0BFF_FFFF => self.pak.get32(addr - 0x0A00_0000),
+        0x0A00_0000...0x0BFF_FFFF => self.pak.read(u32, addr),
-        0x0C00_0000...0x0DFF_FFFF => self.pak.get32(addr - 0x0C00_0000),
+        0x0C00_0000...0x0DFF_FFFF => self.pak.read(u32, addr),
 
         else => undRead("Tried to read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{addr}),
     };
@@ -78,14 +78,14 @@ pub fn write32(self: *Self, addr: u32, word: u32) void {
 
     switch (addr) {
         // General Internal Memory
-        0x0200_0000...0x02FF_FFFF => self.ewram.set32(addr & 0x3FFFF, word),
+        0x0200_0000...0x02FF_FFFF => self.ewram.write(u32, addr, word),
-        0x0300_0000...0x03FF_FFFF => self.iwram.set32(addr & 0x7FFF, word),
+        0x0300_0000...0x03FF_FFFF => self.iwram.write(u32, addr, word),
         0x0400_0000...0x0400_03FE => io.write32(self, addr, word),
 
         // Internal Display Memory
-        0x0500_0000...0x05FF_FFFF => self.ppu.palette.set32(addr & 0x3FF, word),
+        0x0500_0000...0x05FF_FFFF => self.ppu.palette.write(u32, addr, word),
-        0x0600_0000...0x0601_7FFF => self.ppu.vram.set32(addr - 0x0600_0000, word),
+        0x0600_0000...0x06FF_FFFF => self.ppu.vram.write(u32, addr, word),
-        0x0700_0000...0x07FF_FFFF => self.ppu.oam.set32(addr & 0x3FF, word),
+        0x0700_0000...0x07FF_FFFF => self.ppu.oam.write(u32, addr, word),
 
         else => undWrite("Tried to write 0x{X:0>8} to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ word, addr }),
     }
@@ -94,20 +94,20 @@ pub fn write32(self: *Self, addr: u32, word: u32) void {
 pub fn read16(self: *const Self, addr: u32) u16 {
     return switch (addr) {
         // General Internal Memory
-        0x0000_0000...0x0000_3FFF => self.bios.get16(addr),
+        0x0000_0000...0x0000_3FFF => self.bios.read(u16, addr),
-        0x0200_0000...0x02FF_FFFF => self.ewram.get16(addr & 0x3FFFF),
+        0x0200_0000...0x02FF_FFFF => self.ewram.read(u16, addr),
-        0x0300_0000...0x03FF_FFFF => self.iwram.get16(addr & 0x7FFF),
+        0x0300_0000...0x03FF_FFFF => self.iwram.read(u16, addr),
         0x0400_0000...0x0400_03FE => io.read16(self, addr),
 
         // Internal Display Memory
-        0x0500_0000...0x05FF_FFFF => self.ppu.palette.get16(addr & 0x3FF),
+        0x0500_0000...0x05FF_FFFF => self.ppu.palette.read(u16, addr),
-        0x0600_0000...0x0601_7FFF => self.ppu.vram.get16(addr - 0x0600_0000),
+        0x0600_0000...0x06FF_FFFF => self.ppu.vram.read(u16, addr),
-        0x0700_0000...0x07FF_FFFF => self.ppu.oam.get16(addr & 0x3FF),
+        0x0700_0000...0x07FF_FFFF => self.ppu.oam.read(u16, addr),
 
         // External Memory (Game Pak)
-        0x0800_0000...0x09FF_FFFF => self.pak.get16(addr - 0x0800_0000),
+        0x0800_0000...0x09FF_FFFF => self.pak.read(u16, addr),
-        0x0A00_0000...0x0BFF_FFFF => self.pak.get16(addr - 0x0A00_0000),
+        0x0A00_0000...0x0BFF_FFFF => self.pak.read(u16, addr),
-        0x0C00_0000...0x0DFF_FFFF => self.pak.get16(addr - 0x0C00_0000),
+        0x0C00_0000...0x0DFF_FFFF => self.pak.read(u16, addr),
 
         else => undRead("Tried to read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{addr}),
     };
@@ -117,14 +117,14 @@ pub fn write16(self: *Self, addr: u32, halfword: u16) void {
     // TODO: write16 can write to GamePak Flash
     switch (addr) {
         // General Internal Memory
-        0x0200_0000...0x02FF_FFFF => self.ewram.set16(addr & 0x3FFFF, halfword),
+        0x0200_0000...0x02FF_FFFF => self.ewram.write(u16, addr, halfword),
-        0x0300_0000...0x03FF_FFFF => self.iwram.set16(addr & 0x7FFF, halfword),
+        0x0300_0000...0x03FF_FFFF => self.iwram.write(u16, addr, halfword),
         0x0400_0000...0x0400_03FE => io.write16(self, addr, halfword),
 
         // Internal Display Memory
-        0x0500_0000...0x05FF_FFFF => self.ppu.palette.set16(addr & 0x3FF, halfword),
+        0x0500_0000...0x05FF_FFFF => self.ppu.palette.write(u16, addr, halfword),
-        0x0600_0000...0x0601_7FFF => self.ppu.vram.set16(addr - 0x0600_0000, halfword),
+        0x0600_0000...0x06FF_FFFF => self.ppu.vram.write(u16, addr, halfword),
-        0x0700_0000...0x07FF_FFFF => self.ppu.oam.set16(addr & 0x3FF, halfword),
+        0x0700_0000...0x07FF_FFFF => self.ppu.oam.write(u16, addr, halfword),
         0x0800_00C4, 0x0800_00C6, 0x0800_00C8 => log.warn("Tried to write 0x{X:0>4} to GPIO", .{halfword}),
 
         else => undWrite("Tried to write 0x{X:0>4} to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ halfword, addr }),
@@ -134,21 +134,21 @@ pub fn write16(self: *Self, addr: u32, halfword: u16) void {
 pub fn read8(self: *const Self, addr: u32) u8 {
     return switch (addr) {
         // General Internal Memory
-        0x0000_0000...0x0000_3FFF => self.bios.get8(addr),
+        0x0000_0000...0x0000_3FFF => self.bios.read(u8, addr),
-        0x0200_0000...0x02FF_FFFF => self.ewram.get8(addr & 0x3FFFF),
+        0x0200_0000...0x02FF_FFFF => self.ewram.read(u8, addr),
-        0x0300_0000...0x03FF_FFFF => self.iwram.get8(addr & 0x7FFF),
+        0x0300_0000...0x03FF_FFFF => self.iwram.read(u8, addr),
         0x0400_0000...0x0400_03FE => io.read8(self, addr),
 
         // Internal Display Memory
-        0x0500_0000...0x05FF_FFFF => self.ppu.palette.get8(addr & 0x3FF),
+        0x0500_0000...0x05FF_FFFF => self.ppu.palette.read(u8, addr),
-        0x0600_0000...0x0601_7FFF => self.ppu.vram.get8(addr - 0x0600_0000),
+        0x0600_0000...0x06FF_FFFF => self.ppu.vram.read(u8, addr),
-        0x0700_0000...0x07FF_FFFF => self.ppu.oam.get8(addr & 0x3FF),
+        0x0700_0000...0x07FF_FFFF => self.ppu.oam.read(u8, addr),
 
         // External Memory (Game Pak)
-        0x0800_0000...0x09FF_FFFF => self.pak.get8(addr - 0x0800_0000),
+        0x0800_0000...0x09FF_FFFF => self.pak.read(u8, addr),
-        0x0A00_0000...0x0BFF_FFFF => self.pak.get8(addr - 0x0A00_0000),
+        0x0A00_0000...0x0BFF_FFFF => self.pak.read(u8, addr),
-        0x0C00_0000...0x0DFF_FFFF => self.pak.get8(addr - 0x0C00_0000),
+        0x0C00_0000...0x0DFF_FFFF => self.pak.read(u8, addr),
-        0x0E00_0000...0x0E00_FFFF => self.pak.backup.get8(addr & 0xFFFF),
+        0x0E00_0000...0x0E00_FFFF => self.pak.backup.read(addr),
 
         else => undRead("Tried to read from 0x{X:0>2}", .{addr}),
     };
@@ -157,13 +157,13 @@ pub fn read8(self: *const Self, addr: u32) u8 {
 pub fn write8(self: *Self, addr: u32, byte: u8) void {
     switch (addr) {
         // General Internal Memory
-        0x0200_0000...0x02FF_FFFF => self.ewram.set8(addr & 0x3FFFF, byte),
+        0x0200_0000...0x02FF_FFFF => self.ewram.write(u8, addr, byte),
-        0x0300_0000...0x03FF_FFFF => self.iwram.set8(addr & 0x7FFF, byte),
+        0x0300_0000...0x03FF_FFFF => self.iwram.write(u8, addr, byte),
         0x0400_0000...0x0400_03FE => io.write8(self, addr, byte),
         0x0400_0410 => log.info("Ignored write of 0x{X:0>2} to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ byte, addr }),
 
         // External Memory (Game Pak)
-        0x0E00_0000...0x0E00_FFFF => self.pak.backup.set8(addr & 0xFFFF, byte),
+        0x0E00_0000...0x0E00_FFFF => self.pak.backup.write(addr, byte),
         else => undWrite("Tried to write 0x{X:0>2} to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ byte, addr }),
     }
 }

src/apu.zig

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ const Wave = struct {
     /// Write-only
     /// NR30
     select: io.WaveSelect,
-    /// NR31    
+    /// NR31
     length: u8,
     /// NR32
     vol: io.WaveVolume,

src/bus/Bios.zig

@@ -26,23 +26,15 @@ pub fn deinit(self: Self) void {
     if (self.buf) |buf| self.alloc.free(buf);
 }
 
-pub fn get32(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u32 {
+pub fn read(self: *const Self, comptime T: type, addr: usize) T {
-    if (self.buf) |buf|
+    if (self.buf) |buf| {
-        return (@as(u32, buf[idx + 3]) << 24) | (@as(u32, buf[idx + 2]) << 16) | (@as(u32, buf[idx + 1]) << 8) | (@as(u32, buf[idx]));
+        return switch (T) {
+            u32 => (@as(u32, buf[addr + 3]) << 24) | (@as(u32, buf[addr + 2]) << 16) | (@as(u32, buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | (@as(u32, buf[addr])),
+            u16 => (@as(u16, buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | @as(u16, buf[addr]),
+            u8 => buf[addr],
+            else => @compileError("BIOS: Unsupported read width"),
+        };
+    }
 
-    std.debug.panic("[CPU/BIOS:32] ZBA tried to read from 0x{X:0>8} but no BIOS was provided.", .{idx});
+    std.debug.panic("[BIOS] ZBA tried to read {} from 0x{X:0>8} but not BIOS was present", .{ T, addr });
-}
-
-pub fn get16(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u16 {
-    if (self.buf) |buf|
-        return (@as(u16, buf[idx + 1]) << 8) | @as(u16, buf[idx]);
-
-    std.debug.panic("[CPU/BIOS:16] ZBA tried to read from 0x{X:0>8} but no BIOS was provided.", .{idx});
-}
-
-pub fn get8(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u8 {
-    if (self.buf) |buf|
-        return buf[idx];
-
-    std.debug.panic("[CPU/BIOS:8] ZBA tried to read from 0x{X:0>8} but no BIOS was provided.", .{idx});
 }

src/bus/Ewram.zig

@@ -20,28 +20,32 @@ pub fn deinit(self: Self) void {
     self.alloc.free(self.buf);
 }
 
-pub fn get32(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u32 {
+pub fn read(self: *const Self, comptime T: type, address: usize) T {
-    return (@as(u32, self.get16(idx + 2)) << 16) | @as(u32, self.get16(idx));
+    const addr = address & 0x3FFFF;
+
+    return switch (T) {
+        u32 => (@as(u32, self.buf[addr + 3]) << 24) | (@as(u32, self.buf[addr + 2]) << 16) | (@as(u32, self.buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | (@as(u32, self.buf[addr])),
+        u16 => (@as(u16, self.buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | @as(u16, self.buf[addr]),
+        u8 => self.buf[addr],
+        else => @compileError("EWRAM: Unsupported read width"),
+    };
 }
 
-pub fn set32(self: *Self, idx: usize, word: u32) void {
+pub fn write(self: *const Self, comptime T: type, address: usize, value: T) void {
-    self.set16(idx + 2, @truncate(u16, word >> 16));
+    const addr = address & 0x3FFFF;
-    self.set16(idx, @truncate(u16, word));
-}
 
-pub fn get16(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u16 {
+    return switch (T) {
-    return (@as(u16, self.buf[idx + 1]) << 8) | @as(u16, self.buf[idx]);
+        u32 => {
-}
+            self.buf[addr + 3] = @truncate(u8, value >> 24);
-
+            self.buf[addr + 2] = @truncate(u8, value >> 16);
-pub fn set16(self: *Self, idx: usize, halfword: u16) void {
+            self.buf[addr + 1] = @truncate(u8, value >> 8);
-    self.buf[idx + 1] = @truncate(u8, halfword >> 8);
+            self.buf[addr + 0] = @truncate(u8, value >> 0);
-    self.buf[idx] = @truncate(u8, halfword);
+        },
-}
+        u16 => {
-
+            self.buf[addr + 1] = @truncate(u8, value >> 8);
-pub fn get8(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u8 {
+            self.buf[addr + 0] = @truncate(u8, value >> 0);
-    return self.buf[idx];
+        },
-}
+        u8 => self.buf[addr] = value,
-
+        else => @compileError("EWRAM: Unsupported write width"),
-pub fn set8(self: *Self, idx: usize, byte: u8) void {
+    };
-    self.buf[idx] = byte;
 }

src/bus/GamePak.zig

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const Backup = @import("backup.zig").Backup;
 const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
 const log = std.log.scoped(.GamePak);
+
+const intToBytes = @import("../util.zig").intToBytes;
+
 const Self = @This();
 
 title: [12]u8,
@@ -14,11 +17,21 @@ pub fn init(alloc: Allocator, rom_path: []const u8, save_path: ?[]const u8) !Sel
     const file = try std.fs.cwd().openFile(rom_path, .{});
     defer file.close();
 
-    const len = try file.getEndPos();
+    const file_buf = try file.readToEndAlloc(alloc, try file.getEndPos());
-    const buf = try file.readToEndAlloc(alloc, len);
+    defer alloc.free(file_buf);
-    const title = parseTitle(buf);
 
-    const kind = Backup.guessKind(buf) orelse .Sram;
+    const title = parseTitle(file_buf);
+    const kind = Backup.guessKind(file_buf) orelse .Sram;
+
+    const buf = try alloc.alloc(u8, 0x200_0000); // 32MiB
+
+    // GamePak addressable space has known values if there's no cartridge inserted
+    var i: usize = 0;
+    while (i < buf.len) : (i += @sizeOf(u16)) {
+        std.mem.copy(u8, buf[i..][0..2], &intToBytes(u16, @truncate(u16, i / 2)));
+    }
+
+    std.mem.copy(u8, buf[0..file_buf.len], file_buf[0..file_buf.len]); // Copy over ROM
 
     const pak = Self{
         .buf = buf,
@@ -60,14 +73,13 @@ pub fn deinit(self: Self) void {
     self.backup.deinit();
 }
 
-pub fn get32(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u32 {
+pub fn read(self: *const Self, comptime T: type, address: u32) T {
-    return (@as(u32, self.get16(idx + 2)) << 16) | @as(u32, self.get16(idx));
+    const addr = address & 0x1FF_FFFF;
-}
 
-pub fn get16(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u16 {
+    return switch (T) {
-    return (@as(u16, self.buf[idx + 1]) << 8) | @as(u16, self.buf[idx]);
+        u32 => (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 3]) << 24) | (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 2]) << 16) | (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | (@as(T, self.buf[addr])),
-}
+        u16 => (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | @as(T, self.buf[addr]),
-
+        u8 => self.buf[addr],
-pub fn get8(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u8 {
+        else => @compileError("GamePak: Unsupported read width"),
-    return self.buf[idx];
+    };
 }

src/bus/Iwram.zig

@@ -20,30 +20,32 @@ pub fn deinit(self: Self) void {
     self.alloc.free(self.buf);
 }
 
-pub fn get32(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u32 {
+pub fn read(self: *const Self, comptime T: type, address: usize) T {
-    return (@as(u32, self.buf[idx + 3]) << 24) | (@as(u32, self.buf[idx + 2]) << 16) | (@as(u32, self.buf[idx + 1]) << 8) | (@as(u32, self.buf[idx]));
+    const addr = address & 0x7FFF;
+
+    return switch (T) {
+        u32 => (@as(u32, self.buf[addr + 3]) << 24) | (@as(u32, self.buf[addr + 2]) << 16) | (@as(u32, self.buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | (@as(u32, self.buf[addr])),
+        u16 => (@as(u16, self.buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | @as(u16, self.buf[addr]),
+        u8 => self.buf[addr],
+        else => @compileError("IWRAM: Unsupported read width"),
+    };
 }
 
-pub fn set32(self: *Self, idx: usize, word: u32) void {
+pub fn write(self: *const Self, comptime T: type, address: usize, value: T) void {
-    self.buf[idx + 3] = @truncate(u8, word >> 24);
+    const addr = address & 0x7FFF;
-    self.buf[idx + 2] = @truncate(u8, word >> 16);
-    self.buf[idx + 1] = @truncate(u8, word >> 8);
-    self.buf[idx] = @truncate(u8, word);
-}
 
-pub fn get16(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u16 {
+    return switch (T) {
-    return (@as(u16, self.buf[idx + 1]) << 8) | @as(u16, self.buf[idx]);
+        u32 => {
-}
+            self.buf[addr + 3] = @truncate(u8, value >> 24);
-
+            self.buf[addr + 2] = @truncate(u8, value >> 16);
-pub fn set16(self: *Self, idx: usize, halfword: u16) void {
+            self.buf[addr + 1] = @truncate(u8, value >> 8);
-    self.buf[idx + 1] = @truncate(u8, halfword >> 8);
+            self.buf[addr + 0] = @truncate(u8, value >> 0);
-    self.buf[idx] = @truncate(u8, halfword);
+        },
-}
+        u16 => {
-
+            self.buf[addr + 1] = @truncate(u8, value >> 8);
-pub fn get8(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u8 {
+            self.buf[addr + 0] = @truncate(u8, value >> 0);
-    return self.buf[idx];
+        },
-}
+        u8 => self.buf[addr] = value,
-
+        else => @compileError("IWRAM: Unsupported write width"),
-pub fn set8(self: *Self, idx: usize, byte: u8) void {
+    };
-    self.buf[idx] = byte;
 }

src/bus/backup.zig

@@ -115,38 +115,42 @@ pub const Backup = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn get8(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u8 {
+    pub fn read(self: *const Self, address: usize) u8 {
+        const addr = address & 0xFFFF;
+
         switch (self.kind) {
             .Flash => {
-                switch (idx) {
+                switch (addr) {
                     0x0000 => if (self.flash.id_mode) return 0x32, // Panasonic manufacturer ID
                     0x0001 => if (self.flash.id_mode) return 0x1B, // Panasonic device ID
                     else => {},
                 }
 
-                return self.flash.read(self.buf, idx);
+                return self.flash.read(self.buf, addr);
             },
             .Flash1M => {
-                switch (idx) {
+                switch (addr) {
                     0x0000 => if (self.flash.id_mode) return 0x62, // Sanyo manufacturer ID
                     0x0001 => if (self.flash.id_mode) return 0x13, // Sanyo device ID
                     else => {},
                 }
 
-                return self.flash.read(self.buf, idx);
+                return self.flash.read(self.buf, addr);
             },
-            .Eeprom => return self.buf[idx],
+            .Eeprom => return self.buf[addr],
-            .Sram => return self.buf[idx & 0x7FFF], // 32K SRAM chip is mirrored
+            .Sram => return self.buf[addr & 0x7FFF], // 32K SRAM chip is mirrored
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn set8(self: *Self, idx: usize, byte: u8) void {
+    pub fn write(self: *Self, address: usize, byte: u8) void {
+        const addr = address & 0xFFFF;
+
         switch (self.kind) {
             .Flash, .Flash1M => {
-                if (self.flash.prep_write) return self.flash.write(self.buf, idx, byte);
+                if (self.flash.prep_write) return self.flash.write(self.buf, addr, byte);
-                if (self.flash.shouldEraseSector(idx, byte)) return self.flash.eraseSector(self.buf, idx);
+                if (self.flash.shouldEraseSector(addr, byte)) return self.flash.eraseSector(self.buf, addr);
 
-                switch (idx) {
+                switch (addr) {
                     0x0000 => if (self.kind == .Flash1M and self.flash.set_bank) {
                         self.flash.bank = @truncate(u1, byte);
                     },
@@ -165,8 +169,8 @@ pub const Backup = struct {
                     else => {},
                 }
             },
-            .Eeprom => self.buf[idx] = byte,
+            .Eeprom => self.buf[addr] = byte,
-            .Sram => self.buf[idx & 0x7FFF] = byte,
+            .Sram => self.buf[addr & 0x7FFF] = byte,
         }
     }
 };

src/bus/dma.zig

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn DmaController(comptime id: u2) type {
         /// Note: Use writeControl instead of manipulating cnt directly.
         cnt: DmaControl,
 
-        /// Internal. Currrent Source Address 
+        /// Internal. Currrent Source Address
         _sad: u32,
         /// Internal. Current Destination Address
         _dad: u32,

src/bus/io.zig

@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ pub const Duty = extern union {
     raw: u8,
 };
 
-/// Read / Write 
+/// Read / Write
 /// NRx2
 pub const Envelope = extern union {
     period: Bitfield(u8, 0, 3),

src/ppu.zig

@@ -92,11 +92,11 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
         search: while (i < self.oam.buf.len) : (i += 8) {
             // Attributes in OAM are 6 bytes long, with 2 bytes of padding
             // Grab Attributes from OAM
-            const attr0 = @bitCast(Attr0, self.oam.get16(i));
+            const attr0 = @bitCast(Attr0, self.oam.read(u16, i));
 
             // Only consider enabled Sprites
             if (!attr0.disabled.read()) {
-                const attr1 = @bitCast(Attr1, self.oam.get16(i + 2));
+                const attr1 = @bitCast(Attr1, self.oam.read(u16, i + 2));
 
                 // When fetching sprites we only care about ones that could be rendered
                 // on this scanline
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
                 if ((start <= y and y < end) or (istart <= iy and iy < iend)) {
                     for (self.scanline_sprites) |*maybe_sprite| {
                         if (maybe_sprite.* == null) {
-                            maybe_sprite.* = Sprite.init(attr0, attr1, @bitCast(Attr2, self.oam.get16(i + 4)));
+                            maybe_sprite.* = Sprite.init(attr0, attr1, @bitCast(Attr2, self.oam.read(u16, i + 4)));
                             continue :search;
                         }
                     }
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
         } else tile;
 
         // Sprite Palette starts at 0x0500_0200
-        if (pal_id != 0) self.scanline_buf[@bitCast(u9, x)] = self.palette.get16(0x200 + pal_id * 2);
+        if (pal_id != 0) self.scanline_buf[@bitCast(u9, x)] = self.palette.read(u16, 0x200 + pal_id * 2);
     }
 
     fn drawBackround(self: *Self, comptime n: u3) void {
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
 
             // Grab the Screen Entry from VRAM
             const entry_addr = screen_base + tilemapOffset(size, x, y);
-            const entry = @bitCast(ScreenEntry, self.vram.get16(entry_addr));
+            const entry = @bitCast(ScreenEntry, self.vram.read(u16, entry_addr));
 
             // Calculate the Address of the Tile in the designated Charblock
             // We also take this opportunity to flip tiles if necessary
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
                 break :blk pal_bank | nybble_tile;
             } else tile;
 
-            if (pal_id != 0) self.scanline_buf[i] = self.palette.get16(pal_id * 2);
+            if (pal_id != 0) self.scanline_buf[i] = self.palette.read(u16, pal_id * 2);
         }
     }
 
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
 
                 var i: usize = 0;
                 while (i < width) : (i += 1) {
-                    const bgr555 = self.vram.get16(vram_base + i * @sizeOf(u16));
+                    const bgr555 = self.vram.read(u16, vram_base + i * @sizeOf(u16));
                     std.mem.copy(u8, self.framebuf[fb_base + i * @sizeOf(u32) ..][0..4], &intToBytes(u32, toRgba8888(bgr555)));
                 }
             },
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
                 // Render Current Scanline
                 for (self.vram.buf[vram_base .. vram_base + width]) |byte, i| {
                     const pal_id = @as(u16, byte) * @sizeOf(u16);
-                    const bgr555 = self.palette.get16(pal_id);
+                    const bgr555 = self.palette.read(u16, pal_id);
 
                     std.mem.copy(u8, self.framebuf[fb_base + i * @sizeOf(u32) ..][0..4], &intToBytes(u32, toRgba8888(bgr555)));
                 }
@@ -432,30 +432,37 @@ const Palette = struct {
         self.alloc.free(self.buf);
     }
 
-    pub fn get32(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u32 {
+    pub fn read(self: *const Self, comptime T: type, address: usize) T {
-        return (@as(u32, self.get16(idx + 2)) << 16) | @as(u32, self.get16(idx));
+        const addr = address & 0x3FF;
+
+        return switch (T) {
+            u32 => (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 3]) << 24) | (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 2]) << 16) | (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | (@as(T, self.buf[addr])),
+            u16 => (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | @as(T, self.buf[addr]),
+            u8 => self.buf[addr],
+            else => @compileError("PALRAM: Unsupported read width"),
+        };
     }
 
-    pub fn set32(self: *Self, idx: usize, word: u32) void {
+    pub fn write(self: *Self, comptime T: type, address: usize, value: T) void {
-        self.set16(idx + 2, @truncate(u16, word >> 16));
+        const addr = address & 0x3FF;
-        self.set16(idx, @truncate(u16, word));
-    }
 
-    pub fn get16(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u16 {
+        switch (T) {
-        return (@as(u16, self.buf[idx + 1]) << 8) | @as(u16, self.buf[idx]);
+            u32 => {
-    }
+                self.buf[addr + 3] = @truncate(u8, value >> 24);
-
+                self.buf[addr + 2] = @truncate(u8, value >> 16);
-    pub fn set16(self: *Self, idx: usize, halfword: u16) void {
+                self.buf[addr + 1] = @truncate(u8, value >> 8);
-        self.buf[idx + 1] = @truncate(u8, halfword >> 8);
+                self.buf[addr + 0] = @truncate(u8, value >> 0);
-        self.buf[idx] = @truncate(u8, halfword);
+            },
-    }
+            u16 => {
-
+                self.buf[addr + 1] = @truncate(u8, value >> 8);
-    pub fn get8(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u8 {
+                self.buf[addr + 0] = @truncate(u8, value >> 0);
-        return self.buf[idx];
+            },
+            else => @compileError("PALRAM: Unsupported write width"),
+        }
     }
 
     fn getBackdrop(self: *const Self) u16 {
-        return self.get16(0);
+        return self.read(u16, 0);
     }
 };
 
@@ -479,26 +486,38 @@ const Vram = struct {
         self.alloc.free(self.buf);
     }
 
-    pub fn get32(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u32 {
+    pub fn read(self: *const Self, comptime T: type, address: usize) T {
-        return (@as(u32, self.get16(idx + 2)) << 16) | @as(u32, self.get16(idx));
+        const addr = Self.mirror(address);
+
+        return switch (T) {
+            u32 => (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 3]) << 24) | (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 2]) << 16) | (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | (@as(T, self.buf[addr])),
+            u16 => (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | @as(T, self.buf[addr]),
+            u8 => self.buf[addr],
+            else => @compileError("VRAM: Unsupported read width"),
+        };
     }
 
-    pub fn set32(self: *Self, idx: usize, word: u32) void {
+    pub fn write(self: *Self, comptime T: type, address: usize, value: T) void {
-        self.set16(idx + 2, @truncate(u16, word >> 16));
+        const addr = Self.mirror(address);
-        self.set16(idx, @truncate(u16, word));
+
+        switch (T) {
+            u32 => {
+                self.buf[addr + 3] = @truncate(u8, value >> 24);
+                self.buf[addr + 2] = @truncate(u8, value >> 16);
+                self.buf[addr + 1] = @truncate(u8, value >> 8);
+                self.buf[addr + 0] = @truncate(u8, value >> 0);
+            },
+            u16 => {
+                self.buf[addr + 1] = @truncate(u8, value >> 8);
+                self.buf[addr + 0] = @truncate(u8, value >> 0);
+            },
+            else => @compileError("VRAM: Unsupported write width"),
+        }
     }
 
-    pub fn get16(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u16 {
+    fn mirror(address: usize) usize {
-        return (@as(u16, self.buf[idx + 1]) << 8) | @as(u16, self.buf[idx]);
+        const addr = address & 0x1FFFF; // repeated in steps of 128KiB
-    }
+        return if (addr >= 0x18000) addr & 0x7FFF else addr; // 64K + 32K + 32K (abcc)
-
-    pub fn set16(self: *Self, idx: usize, halfword: u16) void {
-        self.buf[idx + 1] = @truncate(u8, halfword >> 8);
-        self.buf[idx] = @truncate(u8, halfword);
-    }
-
-    pub fn get8(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u8 {
-        return self.buf[idx];
     }
 };
 
@@ -522,28 +541,33 @@ const Oam = struct {
         self.alloc.free(self.buf);
     }
 
-    pub fn get32(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u32 {
+    pub fn read(self: *const Self, comptime T: type, address: usize) T {
-        return (@as(u32, self.buf[idx + 3]) << 24) | (@as(u32, self.buf[idx + 2]) << 16) | (@as(u32, self.buf[idx + 1]) << 8) | (@as(u32, self.buf[idx]));
+        const addr = address & 0x3FF;
+
+        return switch (T) {
+            u32 => (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 3]) << 24) | (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 2]) << 16) | (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | (@as(T, self.buf[addr])),
+            u16 => (@as(T, self.buf[addr + 1]) << 8) | @as(T, self.buf[addr]),
+            u8 => self.buf[addr],
+            else => @compileError("OAM: Unsupported read width"),
+        };
     }
 
-    pub fn set32(self: *Self, idx: usize, word: u32) void {
+    pub fn write(self: *Self, comptime T: type, address: usize, value: T) void {
-        self.buf[idx + 3] = @truncate(u8, word >> 24);
+        const addr = address & 0x3FF;
-        self.buf[idx + 2] = @truncate(u8, word >> 16);
-        self.buf[idx + 1] = @truncate(u8, word >> 8);
-        self.buf[idx] = @truncate(u8, word);
-    }
 
-    pub fn get16(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u16 {
+        switch (T) {
-        return (@as(u16, self.buf[idx + 1]) << 8) | @as(u16, self.buf[idx]);
+            u32 => {
-    }
+                self.buf[addr + 3] = @truncate(u8, value >> 24);
-
+                self.buf[addr + 2] = @truncate(u8, value >> 16);
-    pub fn set16(self: *Self, idx: usize, halfword: u16) void {
+                self.buf[addr + 1] = @truncate(u8, value >> 8);
-        self.buf[idx + 1] = @truncate(u8, halfword >> 8);
+                self.buf[addr + 0] = @truncate(u8, value >> 0);
-        self.buf[idx] = @truncate(u8, halfword);
+            },
-    }
+            u16 => {
-
+                self.buf[addr + 1] = @truncate(u8, value >> 8);
-    pub fn get8(self: *const Self, idx: usize) u8 {
+                self.buf[addr + 0] = @truncate(u8, value >> 0);
-        return self.buf[idx];
+            },
+            else => @compileError("OAM: Unsupported write width"),
+        }
     }
 };
 

src/scheduler.zig

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub const Scheduler = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Removes the **first** scheduled event of type `needle` 
+    /// Removes the **first** scheduled event of type `needle`
     pub fn removeScheduledEvent(self: *Self, needle: EventKind) void {
         var it = self.queue.iterator();
 

src/util.zig

@@ -9,11 +9,12 @@ pub inline fn sext(comptime bits: comptime_int, value: u32) u32 {
 }
 
 /// See https://godbolt.org/z/W3en9Eche
-pub inline fn rotr(comptime T: type, value: T, r: anytype) T {
+pub inline fn rotr(comptime T: type, x: T, r: anytype) T {
-    comptime std.debug.assert(@typeInfo(T).Int.signedness == .unsigned);
+    if (@typeInfo(T).Int.signedness == .signed)
-    const ar = @truncate(Log2Int(T), r);
+        @compileError("cannot rotate signed integer");
 
-    return value >> ar | value << @truncate(Log2Int(T), @typeInfo(T).Int.bits - @as(T, ar));
+    const ar = @intCast(Log2Int(T), @mod(r, @typeInfo(T).Int.bits));
+    return x >> ar | x << (1 +% ~ar);
 }
 
 pub const FpsAverage = struct {
@@ -55,9 +56,9 @@ pub fn intToBytes(comptime T: type, value: anytype) [@sizeOf(T)]u8 {
 }
 
 /// The Title from the GBA Cartridge may be null padded to a maximum
-/// length of 12 bytes. 
+/// length of 12 bytes.
 ///
-/// This function returns a slice of everything just before the first 
+/// This function returns a slice of everything just before the first
 /// `\0`
 pub fn correctTitle(title: [12]u8) []const u8 {
     var len = title.len;
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ pub fn correctTitle(title: [12]u8) []const u8 {
     return title[0..len];
 }
 
-/// Copies a Title and returns either an identical or similar 
+/// Copies a Title and returns either an identical or similar
 /// array consisting of ASCII that won't make any file system angry
 ///
 /// e.g. POKEPIN R/S to POKEPIN R_S