fix(io): resovle off-by-one errors in i/o register ranges

Refactor Window, and bldcnt, bldalpha, bldy

src/core/Bus.zig

@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ pub fn dbgRead(self: *const Self, comptime T: type, address: u32) T {
     };
 }
 
+/// TODO: Should open bus read addresses be force-aligned?
 fn readIo(self: *const Self, comptime T: type, unaligned_address: u32) T {
     const maybe_value = io.read(self, T, forceAlign(T, unaligned_address));
     return if (maybe_value) |value| value else self.openBus(T, unaligned_address);

src/core/apu.zig

@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@ const Noise = @import("apu/Noise.zig");
 
 const SoundFifo = std.fifo.LinearFifo(u8, .{ .Static = 0x20 });
 
-const intToBytes = @import("../util.zig").intToBytes;
+const setHi = util.setHi;
-const setHi = @import("../util.zig").setHi;
+const setLo = util.setLo;
-const setLo = @import("../util.zig").setLo;
+const shift = util.shift;
+const intToBytes = util.intToBytes;
 
 const log = std.log.scoped(.APU);
 
@@ -25,42 +26,82 @@ pub fn read(comptime T: type, apu: *const Apu, addr: u32) ?T {
     const byte = @truncate(u8, addr);
 
     return switch (T) {
+        u32 => switch (byte) {
+            0x60 => @as(T, apu.ch1.sound1CntH()) << 16 | apu.ch1.sound1CntL(),
+            0x64 => apu.ch1.sound1CntX(),
+            0x68 => apu.ch2.sound2CntL(),
+            0x6C => apu.ch2.sound2CntH(),
+            0x70 => @as(T, apu.ch3.sound3CntH()) << 16 | apu.ch3.sound3CntL(),
+            0x74 => apu.ch3.sound3CntX(),
+            0x78 => apu.ch4.sound4CntL(),
+            0x7C => apu.ch4.sound4CntH(),
+            0x80 => @as(T, apu.dma_cnt.raw) << 16 | apu.psg_cnt.raw, // SOUNDCNT_H, SOUNDCNT_L
+            0x84 => apu.soundCntX(),
+            0x88 => apu.bias.raw, // SOUNDBIAS, high is unused
+            0x8C => null,
+            0x90, 0x94, 0x8, 0x9C => apu.ch3.wave_dev.read(T, apu.ch3.select, addr),
+            0xA0 => null, // FIFO_A
+            0xA4 => null, // FIFO_B
+            else => util.io.read.err(T, log, "unaligned {} read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
+        },
         u16 => switch (byte) {
             0x60 => apu.ch1.sound1CntL(),
             0x62 => apu.ch1.sound1CntH(),
             0x64 => apu.ch1.sound1CntX(),
+            0x66 => 0x0000, // suite.gba expects 0x0000, not 0xDEAD
             0x68 => apu.ch2.sound2CntL(),
+            0x6A => 0x0000,
             0x6C => apu.ch2.sound2CntH(),
-
+            0x6E => 0x0000,
-            0x70 => apu.ch3.select.raw & 0xE0, // SOUND3CNT_L
+            0x70 => apu.ch3.sound3CntL(),
             0x72 => apu.ch3.sound3CntH(),
-            0x74 => apu.ch3.freq.raw & 0x4000, // SOUND3CNT_X
+            0x74 => apu.ch3.sound3CntX(),
-
+            0x76 => 0x0000,
             0x78 => apu.ch4.sound4CntL(),
+            0x7A => 0x0000,
             0x7C => apu.ch4.sound4CntH(),
-
+            0x7E => 0x0000,
-            0x80 => apu.psg_cnt.raw & 0xFF77, // SOUNDCNT_L
+            0x80 => apu.soundCntL(),
-            0x82 => apu.dma_cnt.raw & 0x770F, // SOUNDCNT_H
+            0x82 => apu.soundCntH(),
             0x84 => apu.soundCntX(),
+            0x86 => 0x0000,
             0x88 => apu.bias.raw, // SOUNDBIAS
-            0x90...0x9F => apu.ch3.wave_dev.read(T, apu.ch3.select, addr),
+            0x8A => 0x0000,
-            else => util.io.read.undef(T, log, "Tried to perform a {} read to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
+            0x8C, 0x8E => null,
+            0x90, 0x92, 0x94, 0x96, 0x98, 0x9A, 0x9C, 0x9E => apu.ch3.wave_dev.read(T, apu.ch3.select, addr),
+            0xA0, 0xA2 => null, // FIFO_A
+            0xA4, 0xA6 => null, // FIFO_B
+            else => util.io.read.err(T, log, "unaligned {} read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
         },
         u8 => switch (byte) {
-            0x60 => apu.ch1.sound1CntL(), // NR10
+            0x60, 0x61 => @truncate(T, @as(u16, apu.ch1.sound1CntL()) >> shift(byte)),
-            0x62 => apu.ch1.duty.raw, // NR11
+            0x62, 0x63 => @truncate(T, apu.ch1.sound1CntH() >> shift(byte)),
-            0x63 => apu.ch1.envelope.raw, // NR12
+            0x64, 0x65 => @truncate(T, apu.ch1.sound1CntX() >> shift(byte)),
-            0x68 => apu.ch2.duty.raw, // NR21
+            0x66, 0x67 => 0x00, // assuming behaviour is identical to that of 16-bit reads
-            0x69 => apu.ch2.envelope.raw, // NR22
+            0x68, 0x69 => @truncate(T, apu.ch2.sound2CntL() >> shift(byte)),
-            0x73 => apu.ch3.vol.raw, // NR32
+            0x6A, 0x6B => 0x00,
-            0x79 => apu.ch4.envelope.raw, // NR42
+            0x6C, 0x6D => @truncate(T, apu.ch2.sound2CntH() >> shift(byte)),
-            0x7C => apu.ch4.poly.raw, // NR43
+            0x6E, 0x6F => 0x00,
-            0x81 => @truncate(u8, apu.psg_cnt.raw >> 8), // NR51
+            0x70, 0x71 => @truncate(T, @as(u16, apu.ch3.sound3CntL()) >> shift(byte)), // SOUND3CNT_L
-            0x84 => apu.soundCntX(),
+            0x72, 0x73 => @truncate(T, apu.ch3.sound3CntH() >> shift(byte)),
-            0x89 => @truncate(u8, apu.bias.raw >> 8), // SOUNDBIAS_H
+            0x74, 0x75 => @truncate(T, apu.ch3.sound3CntX() >> shift(byte)), // SOUND3CNT_L
-            else => util.io.read.undef(T, log, "Tried to perform a {} read to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
+            0x76, 0x77 => 0x00,
+            0x78, 0x79 => @truncate(T, apu.ch4.sound4CntL() >> shift(byte)),
+            0x7A, 0x7B => 0x00,
+            0x7C, 0x7D => @truncate(T, apu.ch4.sound4CntH() >> shift(byte)),
+            0x7E, 0x7F => 0x00,
+            0x80, 0x81 => @truncate(T, apu.soundCntL() >> shift(byte)), // SOUNDCNT_L
+            0x82, 0x83 => @truncate(T, apu.soundCntH() >> shift(byte)), // SOUNDCNT_H
+            0x84, 0x85 => @truncate(T, @as(u16, apu.soundCntX()) >> shift(byte)),
+            0x86, 0x87 => 0x00,
+            0x88, 0x89 => @truncate(T, apu.bias.raw >> shift(byte)), // SOUNDBIAS
+            0x8A, 0x8B => 0x00,
+            0x8C...0x8F => null,
+            0x90...0x9F => apu.ch3.wave_dev.read(T, apu.ch3.select, addr),
+            0xA0, 0xA1, 0xA2, 0xA3 => null, // FIFO_A
+            0xA4, 0xA5, 0xA6, 0xA7 => null, // FIFO_B
+            else => util.io.read.err(T, log, "unexpected {} read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
         },
-        u32 => util.io.read.undef(T, log, "Tried to perform a {} read to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
         else => @compileError("APU: Unsupported read width"),
     };
 }
@@ -219,6 +260,11 @@ pub const Apu = struct {
         self.setSoundCntH(@truncate(u16, value >> 16));
     }
 
+    /// SOUNDCNT_L
+    pub fn soundCntL(self: *const Self) u16 {
+        return self.psg_cnt.raw & 0xFF77;
+    }
+
     /// SOUNDCNT_H
     pub fn setSoundCntH(self: *Self, value: u16) void {
         const new: io.DmaSoundControl = .{ .raw = value };
@@ -231,6 +277,11 @@ pub const Apu = struct {
         self.dma_cnt = new;
     }
 
+    /// SOUNDCNT_H
+    pub fn soundCntH(self: *const Self) u16 {
+        return self.dma_cnt.raw & 0x770F;
+    }
+
     /// NR52
     pub fn setSoundCntX(self: *Self, value: bool) void {
         self.cnt.apu_enable.write(value);

src/core/apu/Wave.zig

@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@ pub fn setSound3CntL(self: *Self, value: u8) void {
     if (!self.select.enabled.read()) self.enabled = false;
 }
 
+/// NR30
+pub fn sound3CntL(self: *const Self) u8 {
+    return self.select.raw & 0xE0;
+}
+
 /// NR31, NR32
 pub fn sound3CntH(self: *const Self) u16 {
     return @as(u16, self.length & 0xE0) << 8;
@@ -94,6 +99,11 @@ pub fn setSound3CntX(self: *Self, fs: *const FrameSequencer, value: u16) void {
     self.setNr34(fs, @truncate(u8, value >> 8));
 }
 
+/// NR33, NR34
+pub fn sound3CntX(self: *const Self) u16 {
+    return self.freq.raw & 0x4000;
+}
+
 /// NR33
 pub fn setNr33(self: *Self, byte: u8) void {
     self.freq.raw = (self.freq.raw & 0xFF00) | byte;

src/core/bus/dma.zig

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ const log = std.log.scoped(.DmaTransfer);
 
 const setHi = util.setHi;
 const setLo = util.setLo;
+const shift = util.shift;
 
 const rotr = @import("../../util.zig").rotr;
 
@@ -22,20 +23,52 @@ pub fn read(comptime T: type, dma: *const DmaTuple, addr: u32) ?T {
 
     return switch (T) {
         u32 => switch (byte) {
-            0xB8 => @as(T, dma.*[0].cnt.raw) << 16,
+            0xB0, 0xB4 => null, // DMA0SAD, DMA0DAD,
-            0xC4 => @as(T, dma.*[1].cnt.raw) << 16,
+            0xB8 => @as(T, dma.*[0].dmacntH()) << 16, // DMA0CNT_L is write-only
-            0xD0 => @as(T, dma.*[2].cnt.raw) << 16,
+            0xBC, 0xC0 => null, // DMA1SAD, DMA1DAD
-            0xDC => @as(T, dma.*[3].cnt.raw) << 16,
+            0xC4 => @as(T, dma.*[1].dmacntH()) << 16, // DMA1CNT_L is write-only
-            else => util.io.read.undef(T, log, "Tried to perform a {} read to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
+            0xC8, 0xCC => null, // DMA2SAD, DMA2DAD
+            0xD0 => @as(T, dma.*[2].dmacntH()) << 16, // DMA2CNT_L is write-only
+            0xD4, 0xD8 => null, // DMA3SAD, DMA3DAD
+            0xDC => @as(T, dma.*[3].dmacntH()) << 16, // DMA3CNT_L is write-only
+            else => util.io.read.err(T, log, "unaligned {} read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
         },
         u16 => switch (byte) {
-            0xBA => dma.*[0].cnt.raw,
+            0xB0, 0xB2, 0xB4, 0xB6 => null, // DMA0SAD, DMA0DAD
-            0xC6 => dma.*[1].cnt.raw,
+            0xB8 => 0x0000, // DMA0CNT_L, suite.gba expects 0x0000 instead of 0xDEAD
-            0xD2 => dma.*[2].cnt.raw,
+            0xBA => dma.*[0].dmacntH(),
-            0xDE => dma.*[3].cnt.raw,
+
-            else => util.io.read.undef(T, log, "Tried to perform a {} read to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
+            0xBC, 0xBE, 0xC0, 0xC2 => null, // DMA1SAD, DMA1DAD
+            0xC4 => 0x0000, // DMA1CNT_L
+            0xC6 => dma.*[1].dmacntH(),
+
+            0xC8, 0xCA, 0xCC, 0xCE => null, // DMA2SAD, DMA2DAD
+            0xD0 => 0x0000, // DMA2CNT_L
+            0xD2 => dma.*[2].dmacntH(),
+
+            0xD4, 0xD6, 0xD8, 0xDA => null, // DMA3SAD, DMA3DAD
+            0xDC => 0x0000, // DMA3CNT_L
+            0xDE => dma.*[3].dmacntH(),
+            else => util.io.read.err(T, log, "unaligned {} read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
+        },
+        u8 => switch (byte) {
+            0xB0...0xB7 => null, // DMA0SAD, DMA0DAD
+            0xB8, 0xB9 => 0x00, // DMA0CNT_L
+            0xBA, 0xBB => @truncate(T, dma.*[0].dmacntH() >> shift(byte)),
+
+            0xBC...0xC3 => null, // DMA1SAD, DMA1DAD
+            0xC4, 0xC5 => 0x00, // DMA1CNT_L
+            0xC6, 0xC7 => @truncate(T, dma.*[1].dmacntH() >> shift(byte)),
+
+            0xC8...0xCF => null, // DMA2SAD, DMA2DAD
+            0xD0, 0xD1 => 0x00, // DMA2CNT_L
+            0xD2, 0xD3 => @truncate(T, dma.*[2].dmacntH() >> shift(byte)),
+
+            0xD4...0xDB => null, // DMA3SAD, DMA3DAD
+            0xDC, 0xDD => 0x00, // DMA3CNT_L
+            0xDE, 0xDF => @truncate(T, dma.*[3].dmacntH() >> shift(byte)),
+            else => util.io.read.err(T, log, "unexpected {} read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
         },
-        u8 => util.io.read.undef(T, log, "Tried to perform a {} read to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
         else => @compileError("DMA: Unsupported read width"),
     };
 }
@@ -158,6 +191,10 @@ fn DmaController(comptime id: u2) type {
             self.word_count = @truncate(@TypeOf(self.word_count), halfword);
         }
 
+        pub fn dmacntH(self: *const Self) u16 {
+            return self.cnt.raw & if (id == 3) 0xFFE0 else 0xF7E0;
+        }
+
         pub fn setDmacntH(self: *Self, halfword: u16) void {
             const new = DmaControl{ .raw = halfword };
 

src/core/bus/io.zig

@@ -45,6 +45,9 @@ pub fn read(bus: *const Bus, comptime T: type, address: u32) ?T {
             // Display
             0x0400_0000...0x0400_0054 => ppu.read(T, &bus.ppu, address),
 
+            // Sound
+            0x0400_0060...0x0400_00A4 => apu.read(T, &bus.apu, address),
+
             // DMA Transfers
             0x0400_00B0...0x0400_00DC => dma.read(T, &bus.dma, address),
 
@@ -70,7 +73,7 @@ pub fn read(bus: *const Bus, comptime T: type, address: u32) ?T {
             0x0400_0000...0x0400_0054 => ppu.read(T, &bus.ppu, address),
 
             // Sound
-            0x0400_0060...0x0400_009E => apu.read(T, &bus.apu, address),
+            0x0400_0060...0x0400_00A6 => apu.read(T, &bus.apu, address),
 
             // DMA Transfers
             0x0400_00B0...0x0400_00DE => dma.read(T, &bus.dma, address),
@@ -96,11 +99,17 @@ pub fn read(bus: *const Bus, comptime T: type, address: u32) ?T {
         },
         u8 => return switch (address) {
             // Display
-            0x0400_0000...0x0400_0054 => ppu.read(T, &bus.ppu, address),
+            0x0400_0000...0x0400_0055 => ppu.read(T, &bus.ppu, address),
 
             // Sound
             0x0400_0060...0x0400_00A7 => apu.read(T, &bus.apu, address),
 
+            // DMA Transfers
+            0x0400_00B0...0x0400_00DF => dma.read(T, &bus.dma, address),
+
+            // Timers
+            0x0400_0100...0x0400_010F => timer.read(T, &bus.tim, address),
+
             // Serial Communication 1
             0x0400_0128 => util.io.read.todo(log, "Read {} from SIOCNT_L", .{T}),
 

src/core/bus/timer.zig

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ const Arm7tdmi = @import("../cpu.zig").Arm7tdmi;
 pub const TimerTuple = std.meta.Tuple(&[_]type{ Timer(0), Timer(1), Timer(2), Timer(3) });
 const log = std.log.scoped(.Timer);
 
+const shift = util.shift;
+
 pub fn create(sched: *Scheduler) TimerTuple {
     return .{ Timer(0).init(sched), Timer(1).init(sched), Timer(2).init(sched), Timer(3).init(sched) };
 }
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ pub fn read(comptime T: type, tim: *const TimerTuple, addr: u32) ?T {
             0x4 => @as(T, tim.*[1].cnt.raw) << 16 | tim.*[1].timcntL(),
             0x8 => @as(T, tim.*[2].cnt.raw) << 16 | tim.*[2].timcntL(),
             0xC => @as(T, tim.*[3].cnt.raw) << 16 | tim.*[3].timcntL(),
-            else => util.io.read.undef(T, log, "Tried to perform a {} read to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
+            else => util.io.read.err(T, log, "unaligned {} read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
         },
         u16 => switch (nybble) {
             0x0 => tim.*[0].timcntL(),
@@ -32,9 +34,18 @@ pub fn read(comptime T: type, tim: *const TimerTuple, addr: u32) ?T {
             0xA => tim.*[2].cnt.raw,
             0xC => tim.*[3].timcntL(),
             0xE => tim.*[3].cnt.raw,
-            else => util.io.read.undef(T, log, "Tried to perform a {} read to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
+            else => util.io.read.err(T, log, "unaligned {} read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
+        },
+        u8 => switch (nybble) {
+            0x0, 0x1 => @truncate(T, tim.*[0].timcntL() >> shift(nybble)),
+            0x2, 0x3 => @truncate(T, tim.*[0].cnt.raw >> shift(nybble)),
+            0x4, 0x5 => @truncate(T, tim.*[1].timcntL() >> shift(nybble)),
+            0x6, 0x7 => @truncate(T, tim.*[1].cnt.raw >> shift(nybble)),
+            0x8, 0x9 => @truncate(T, tim.*[2].timcntL() >> shift(nybble)),
+            0xA, 0xB => @truncate(T, tim.*[2].cnt.raw >> shift(nybble)),
+            0xC, 0xD => @truncate(T, tim.*[3].timcntL() >> shift(nybble)),
+            0xE, 0xF => @truncate(T, tim.*[3].cnt.raw >> shift(nybble)),
         },
-        u8 => util.io.read.undef(T, log, "Tried to perform a {} read to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
         else => @compileError("TIM: Unsupported read width"),
     };
 }

src/core/ppu.zig

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ const log = std.log.scoped(.PPU);
 
 const setHi = util.setHi;
 const setLo = util.setLo;
+const shift = util.shift;
 const pollDmaOnBlank = @import("bus/dma.zig").pollDmaOnBlank;
 
 pub const width = 240;
@@ -24,35 +25,58 @@ pub fn read(comptime T: type, ppu: *const Ppu, addr: u32) ?T {
 
     return switch (T) {
         u32 => switch (byte) {
-            0x00 => ppu.dispcnt.raw,
+            0x00 => ppu.dispcnt.raw, // Green Swap is in high half-word
             0x04 => @as(T, ppu.vcount.raw) << 16 | ppu.dispstat.raw,
-            0x06 => @as(T, ppu.bg[0].cnt.raw) << 16 | ppu.vcount.raw,
+            0x08 => @as(T, ppu.bg[1].bg1Cnt()) << 16 | ppu.bg[0].bg0Cnt(),
-            else => util.io.read.undef(T, log, "Tried to perform a {} read to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
+            0x0C => @as(T, ppu.bg[3].cnt.raw) << 16 | ppu.bg[2].cnt.raw,
+            0x10...0x1C => null, // BGXHOFS/VOFS
+            0x20...0x3C => null, // BG2/3 Rot Scaling Registers
+            0x40...0x44 => null, // WINXH/V Registers
+            0x48 => @as(T, ppu.win.out()) << 16 | ppu.win.in(),
+            0x4C => null, // MOSAIC, undefined in high byte
+            0x50 => @as(T, ppu.bld.getAlpha()) << 16 | ppu.bld.getCnt(),
+            0x54 => null, // BLDY, undefined in high half-wrd
+            else => util.io.read.err(T, log, "unaligned {} read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
         },
         u16 => switch (byte) {
             0x00 => ppu.dispcnt.raw,
+            0x02 => null, // Green Swap
             0x04 => ppu.dispstat.raw,
             0x06 => ppu.vcount.raw,
-            0x08 => ppu.bg[0].cnt.raw,
+            0x08 => ppu.bg[0].bg0Cnt(),
-            0x0A => ppu.bg[1].cnt.raw,
+            0x0A => ppu.bg[1].bg1Cnt(),
             0x0C => ppu.bg[2].cnt.raw,
             0x0E => ppu.bg[3].cnt.raw,
-            0x4C => util.io.read.todo(log, "Read {} from MOSAIC", .{T}),
+            0x10...0x1E => null, // BGXHOFS/VOFS
-            0x50 => ppu.bldcnt.raw,
+            0x20...0x3E => null, // BG2/3 Rot Scaling Registers
-            0x52 => ppu.bldalpha.raw,
+            0x40...0x46 => null, // WINXH/V Registers
-            0x54 => ppu.bldy.raw,
+            0x48 => ppu.win.in(),
-            else => util.io.read.undef(T, log, "Tried to perform a {} read to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
+            0x4A => ppu.win.out(),
+            0x4C => null, // MOSAIC
+            0x50 => ppu.bld.getCnt(),
+            0x52 => ppu.bld.getAlpha(),
+            0x54 => null, // BLDY
+            else => util.io.read.err(T, log, "unaligned {} read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
         },
         u8 => switch (byte) {
-            0x00 => @truncate(T, ppu.dispcnt.raw),
+            0x00, 0x01 => @truncate(T, ppu.dispcnt.raw >> shift(byte)),
-            0x04 => @truncate(T, ppu.dispstat.raw),
+            0x02...0x03 => null,
-            0x05 => @truncate(T, ppu.dispcnt.raw >> 8),
+            0x04, 0x05 => @truncate(T, ppu.dispstat.raw >> shift(byte)),
-            0x06 => @truncate(T, ppu.vcount.raw),
+            0x06, 0x07 => @truncate(T, ppu.vcount.raw >> shift(byte)),
-            0x08 => @truncate(T, ppu.bg[0].cnt.raw),
+            0x08, 0x09 => @truncate(T, ppu.bg[0].bg0Cnt() >> shift(byte)),
-            0x09 => @truncate(T, ppu.bg[0].cnt.raw >> 8),
+            0x0A, 0x0B => @truncate(T, ppu.bg[1].bg1Cnt() >> shift(byte)),
-            0x0A => @truncate(T, ppu.bg[1].cnt.raw),
+            0x0C, 0x0D => @truncate(T, ppu.bg[2].cnt.raw >> shift(byte)),
-            0x0B => @truncate(T, ppu.bg[1].cnt.raw >> 8),
+            0x0E, 0x0F => @truncate(T, ppu.bg[3].cnt.raw >> shift(byte)),
-            else => util.io.read.undef(T, log, "Tried to perform a {} read to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
+            0x10...0x1F => null, // BGXHOFS/VOFS
+            0x20...0x3F => null, // BG2/3 Rot Scaling Registers
+            0x40...0x47 => null, // WINXH/V Registers
+            0x48, 0x49 => @truncate(T, ppu.win.in() >> shift(byte)),
+            0x4A, 0x4B => @truncate(T, ppu.win.out() >> shift(byte)),
+            0x4C...0x4D => null, // MOSAIC
+            0x50, 0x51 => @truncate(T, ppu.bld.getCnt() >> shift(byte)),
+            0x52, 0x53 => @truncate(T, ppu.bld.getAlpha() >> shift(byte)),
+            0x54...0x55 => null, // BLDY
+            else => util.io.read.err(T, log, "unexpected {} read from 0x{X:0>8}", .{ T, addr }),
         },
         else => @compileError("PPU: Unsupported read width"),
     };
@@ -87,10 +111,10 @@ pub fn write(comptime T: type, ppu: *Ppu, addr: u32, value: T) void {
             0x48 => ppu.win.setIo(value),
             0x4C => log.debug("Wrote 0x{X:0>8} to MOSAIC", .{value}),
             0x50 => {
-                ppu.bldcnt.raw = @truncate(u16, value);
+                ppu.bld.cnt.raw = @truncate(u16, value);
-                ppu.bldalpha.raw = @truncate(u16, value >> 16);
+                ppu.bld.alpha.raw = @truncate(u16, value >> 16);
             },
-            0x54 => ppu.bldy.raw = @truncate(u16, value),
+            0x54 => ppu.bld.y.raw = @truncate(u16, value),
             0x58...0x5C => {}, // Unused
             else => util.io.write.undef(log, "Tried to write 0x{X:0>8}{} to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ value, T, addr }),
         },
@@ -130,12 +154,12 @@ pub fn write(comptime T: type, ppu: *Ppu, addr: u32, value: T) void {
             0x42 => ppu.win.h[1].raw = value,
             0x44 => ppu.win.v[0].raw = value,
             0x46 => ppu.win.v[1].raw = value,
-            0x48 => ppu.win.in.raw = value,
+            0x48 => ppu.win._in.raw = value,
-            0x4A => ppu.win.out.raw = value,
+            0x4A => ppu.win._out.raw = value,
             0x4C => log.debug("Wrote 0x{X:0>4} to MOSAIC", .{value}),
-            0x50 => ppu.bldcnt.raw = value,
+            0x50 => ppu.bld.cnt.raw = value,
-            0x52 => ppu.bldalpha.raw = value,
+            0x52 => ppu.bld.alpha.raw = value,
-            0x54 => ppu.bldy.raw = value,
+            0x54 => ppu.bld.y.raw = value,
             else => util.io.write.undef(log, "Tried to write 0x{X:0>4}{} to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ value, T, addr }),
         },
         u8 => switch (byte) {
@@ -145,10 +169,10 @@ pub fn write(comptime T: type, ppu: *Ppu, addr: u32, value: T) void {
             0x09 => ppu.bg[0].cnt.raw = setHi(u16, ppu.bg[0].cnt.raw, value),
             0x0A => ppu.bg[1].cnt.raw = setLo(u16, ppu.bg[1].cnt.raw, value),
             0x0B => ppu.bg[1].cnt.raw = setHi(u16, ppu.bg[1].cnt.raw, value),
-            0x48 => ppu.win.in.raw = setLo(u16, ppu.win.in.raw, value),
+            0x48 => ppu.win._in.raw = setLo(u16, ppu.win._in.raw, value),
-            0x49 => ppu.win.in.raw = setHi(u16, ppu.win.in.raw, value),
+            0x49 => ppu.win._in.raw = setHi(u16, ppu.win._in.raw, value),
-            0x4A => ppu.win.out.raw = setLo(u16, ppu.win.out.raw, value),
+            0x4A => ppu.win._out.raw = setLo(u16, ppu.win._out.raw, value),
-            0x54 => ppu.bldy.raw = setLo(u16, ppu.bldy.raw, value),
+            0x54 => ppu.bld.y.raw = setLo(u16, ppu.bld.y.raw, value),
             else => util.io.write.undef(log, "Tried to write 0x{X:0>2}{} to 0x{X:0>8}", .{ value, T, addr }),
         },
         else => @compileError("PPU: Unsupported write width"),
@@ -168,9 +192,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
     dispstat: io.DisplayStatus,
     vcount: io.VCount,
 
-    bldcnt: io.BldCnt,
+    bld: Blend,
-    bldalpha: io.BldAlpha,
-    bldy: io.BldY,
 
     vram: Vram,
     palette: Palette,
@@ -201,12 +223,10 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
             .win = Window.init(),
             .bg = [_]Background{Background.init()} ** 4,
             .aff_bg = [_]AffineBackground{AffineBackground.init()} ** 2,
+            .bld = Blend.create(),
             .dispcnt = .{ .raw = 0x0000 },
             .dispstat = .{ .raw = 0x0000 },
             .vcount = .{ .raw = 0x0000 },
-            .bldcnt = .{ .raw = 0x0000 },
-            .bldalpha = .{ .raw = 0x0000 },
-            .bldy = .{ .raw = 0x0000 },
 
             .scanline = try Scanline.init(allocator),
             .scanline_sprites = sprites,
@@ -301,7 +321,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
             const x = (sprite.x() +% i) % width;
             const ix = @bitCast(i9, x);
 
-            if (!shouldDrawSprite(self.bldcnt, &self.scanline, x)) continue;
+            if (!shouldDrawSprite(self.bld.cnt, &self.scanline, x)) continue;
 
             const sprite_start = sprite.x();
             const isprite_start = @bitCast(i9, sprite_start);
@@ -330,7 +350,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
             // Sprite Palette starts at 0x0500_0200
             if (pal_id != 0) {
                 const bgr555 = self.palette.read(u16, 0x200 + pal_id * 2);
-                copyToSpriteBuffer(self.bldcnt, &self.scanline, x, bgr555);
+                copyToSpriteBuffer(self.bld.cnt, &self.scanline, x, bgr555);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -351,7 +371,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
             const x = (sprite.x() +% i) % width;
             const ix = @bitCast(i9, x);
 
-            if (!shouldDrawSprite(self.bldcnt, &self.scanline, x)) continue;
+            if (!shouldDrawSprite(self.bld.cnt, &self.scanline, x)) continue;
 
             const sprite_start = sprite.x();
             const isprite_start = @bitCast(i9, sprite_start);
@@ -386,7 +406,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
             // Sprite Palette starts at 0x0500_0200
             if (pal_id != 0) {
                 const bgr555 = self.palette.read(u16, 0x200 + pal_id * 2);
-                copyToSpriteBuffer(self.bldcnt, &self.scanline, x, bgr555);
+                copyToSpriteBuffer(self.bld.cnt, &self.scanline, x, bgr555);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -413,7 +433,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
             aff_x += self.aff_bg[n - 2].pa;
             aff_y += self.aff_bg[n - 2].pc;
 
-            if (!shouldDrawBackground(n, self.bldcnt, &self.scanline, i)) continue;
+            if (!shouldDrawBackground(n, self.bld.cnt, &self.scanline, i)) continue;
 
             if (self.bg[n].cnt.display_overflow.read()) {
                 ix = if (ix > px_width) @rem(ix, px_width) else if (ix < 0) px_width + @rem(ix, px_width) else ix;
@@ -432,7 +452,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
 
             if (pal_id != 0) {
                 const bgr555 = self.palette.read(u16, pal_id * 2);
-                copyToBackgroundBuffer(n, self.bldcnt, &self.scanline, i, bgr555);
+                copyToBackgroundBuffer(n, self.bld.cnt, &self.scanline, i, bgr555);
             }
         }
 
@@ -461,7 +481,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
 
         var i: u32 = 0;
         while (i < width) : (i += 1) {
-            if (!shouldDrawBackground(n, self.bldcnt, &self.scanline, i)) continue;
+            if (!shouldDrawBackground(n, self.bld.cnt, &self.scanline, i)) continue;
 
             const x = hofs + i;
 
@@ -489,7 +509,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
 
             if (pal_id != 0) {
                 const bgr555 = self.palette.read(u16, pal_id * 2);
-                copyToBackgroundBuffer(n, self.bldcnt, &self.scanline, i, bgr555);
+                copyToBackgroundBuffer(n, self.bld.cnt, &self.scanline, i, bgr555);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -633,11 +653,11 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
 
     fn getBgr555(self: *Self, maybe_top: ?u16, maybe_btm: ?u16) u16 {
         if (maybe_btm) |btm| {
-            return switch (self.bldcnt.mode.read()) {
+            return switch (self.bld.cnt.mode.read()) {
                 0b00 => if (maybe_top) |top| top else btm,
-                0b01 => if (maybe_top) |top| alphaBlend(btm, top, self.bldalpha) else btm,
+                0b01 => if (maybe_top) |top| alphaBlend(btm, top, self.bld.alpha) else btm,
                 0b10 => blk: {
-                    const evy: u16 = self.bldy.evy.read();
+                    const evy: u16 = self.bld.y.evy.read();
 
                     const r = btm & 0x1F;
                     const g = (btm >> 5) & 0x1F;
@@ -650,7 +670,7 @@ pub const Ppu = struct {
                     break :blk (bld_b << 10) | (bld_g << 5) | bld_r;
                 },
                 0b11 => blk: {
-                    const evy: u16 = self.bldy.evy.read();
+                    const evy: u16 = self.bld.y.evy.read();
 
                     const btm_r = btm & 0x1F;
                     const btm_g = (btm >> 5) & 0x1F;
@@ -911,25 +931,57 @@ const Oam = struct {
     }
 };
 
+const Blend = struct {
+    const Self = @This();
+
+    cnt: io.BldCnt,
+    alpha: io.BldAlpha,
+    y: io.BldY,
+
+    pub fn create() Self {
+        return .{
+            .cnt = .{ .raw = 0x000 },
+            .alpha = .{ .raw = 0x000 },
+            .y = .{ .raw = 0x000 },
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn getCnt(self: *const Self) u16 {
+        return self.cnt.raw & 0x3FFF;
+    }
+
+    pub fn getAlpha(self: *const Self) u16 {
+        return self.alpha.raw & 0x1F1F;
+    }
+};
+
 const Window = struct {
     const Self = @This();
 
     h: [2]io.WinH,
     v: [2]io.WinV,
 
-    out: io.WinOut,
+    _out: io.WinOut,
-    in: io.WinIn,
+    _in: io.WinIn,
 
     fn init() Self {
         return .{
             .h = [_]io.WinH{.{ .raw = 0 }} ** 2,
             .v = [_]io.WinV{.{ .raw = 0 }} ** 2,
 
-            .out = .{ .raw = 0 },
+            ._out = .{ .raw = 0 },
-            .in = .{ .raw = 0 },
+            ._in = .{ .raw = 0 },
         };
     }
 
+    pub fn in(self: *const Self) u16 {
+        return self._in.raw & 0x3F3F;
+    }
+
+    pub fn out(self: *const Self) u16 {
+        return self._out.raw & 0x3F3F;
+    }
+
     pub fn setH(self: *Self, value: u32) void {
         self.h[0].raw = @truncate(u16, value);
         self.h[1].raw = @truncate(u16, value >> 16);
@@ -941,8 +993,8 @@ const Window = struct {
     }
 
     pub fn setIo(self: *Self, value: u32) void {
-        self.in.raw = @truncate(u16, value);
+        self._in.raw = @truncate(u16, value);
-        self.out.raw = @truncate(u16, value >> 16);
+        self._out.raw = @truncate(u16, value >> 16);
     }
 };
 
@@ -963,6 +1015,17 @@ const Background = struct {
             .vofs = .{ .raw = 0x0000 },
         };
     }
+
+    /// For whatever reason, some higher bits of BG0CNT
+    /// are masked out
+    pub inline fn bg0Cnt(self: *const Self) u16 {
+        return self.cnt.raw & 0xDFFF;
+    }
+
+    /// BG1CNT inherits the same mask as BG0CNTs
+    pub inline fn bg1Cnt(self: *const Self) u16 {
+        return self.bg0Cnt();
+    }
 };
 
 const AffineBackground = struct {

src/util.zig

@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ pub fn sext(comptime T: type, comptime U: type, value: T) T {
 
     const iT = std.meta.Int(.signed, @typeInfo(T).Int.bits);
     const ExtU = if (@typeInfo(U).Int.signedness == .unsigned) T else iT;
-    const shift = @intCast(Log2Int(T), @typeInfo(T).Int.bits - @typeInfo(U).Int.bits);
+    const shift_amt = @intCast(Log2Int(T), @typeInfo(T).Int.bits - @typeInfo(U).Int.bits);
 
-    return @bitCast(T, @bitCast(iT, @as(ExtU, @truncate(U, value)) << shift) >> shift);
+    return @bitCast(T, @bitCast(iT, @as(ExtU, @truncate(U, value)) << shift_amt) >> shift_amt);
 }
 
 /// See https://godbolt.org/z/W3en9Eche
@@ -143,7 +143,9 @@ pub const io = struct {
             return 0;
         }
 
-        pub fn undef(comptime T: type, log: anytype, comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) ?T {
+        pub fn undef(comptime T: type, comptime log: anytype, comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) ?T {
+            @setCold(true);
+
             const unhandled_io = config.config().debug.unhandled_io;
 
             log.warn(format, args);
@@ -151,6 +153,13 @@ pub const io = struct {
 
             return null;
         }
+
+        pub fn err(comptime T: type, comptime log: anytype, comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) ?T {
+            @setCold(true);
+
+            log.err(format, args);
+            return null;
+        }
     };
 
     pub const write = struct {
@@ -274,6 +283,13 @@ pub const audio = struct {
     };
 };
 
+/// Calculates the correct shift offset for an aligned/unaligned u8 read
+///
+/// TODO: Rename this
+pub inline fn shift(byte: u8) u4 {
+    return @truncate(u4, byte & 1) << 3;
+}
+
 /// Sets the high bits of an integer to a value
 pub inline fn setLo(comptime T: type, left: T, right: HalfInt(T)) T {
     return switch (T) {