fix(apu): replace mpsc with spsc ringbuffer

Cargo.lock

@@ -178,6 +178,12 @@ version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b700ce4376041dcd0a327fd0097c41095743c4c8af8887265942faf1100bd040"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cache-padded"
+version = "1.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "631ae5198c9be5e753e5cc215e1bd73c2b466a3565173db433f52bb9d3e66dba"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "calloop"
 version = "0.6.5"
@@ -684,10 +690,10 @@ dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "bitfield",
  "clap",
- "crossbeam-channel",
  "gilrs",
  "pixels",
  "rodio",
+ "rtrb",
  "winit",
  "winit_input_helper",
 ]
@@ -1677,6 +1683,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "petgraph",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rtrb"
+version = "0.1.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "318256ac02f7e11a48a10339ba5dca8bd7eb17496abf384e8ea909bb2ae5275f"
+dependencies = [
+ "cache-padded",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
 version = "1.1.0"

Cargo.toml

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pixels = "^0.5"
 winit = "^0.25"
 winit_input_helper = "^0.10"
 rodio = "^0.14"
-crossbeam-channel = "^0.5"
+rtrb = "^0.1.4"
 
 [profile.release]
 debug = true

src/apu.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::bus::BusIo;
 use crate::emu::SM83_CLOCK_SPEED;
-use gen::{AudioBuffer, AudioSender};
+use gen::SampleProducer;
 use types::ch1::{Sweep, SweepDirection};
 use types::ch3::Volume as Ch3Volume;
 use types::ch4::{CounterWidth, Frequency as Ch4Frequency, PolynomialCounter};
@@ -10,13 +10,9 @@ use types::{ChannelControl, FrameSequencerState, SoundOutput};
 pub mod gen;
 mod types;
 
+const SAMPLE_INCREMENT: u64 = gen::SAMPLE_RATE as u64;
 const WAVE_PATTERN_RAM_LEN: usize = 0x10;
 
-const SAMPLE_RATE: u32 = 48000; // Hz
-const AUDIO_BUFFER_LEN: usize = 512;
-const CHANNEL_COUNT: usize = 2;
-const SAMPLE_INCREMENT: u64 = SAMPLE_RATE as u64;
-
 #[derive(Default, Debug)]
 pub struct Apu {
     ctrl: SoundControl,
@@ -33,15 +29,14 @@ pub struct Apu {
     frame_seq_state: FrameSequencerState,
     div_prev: Option<u8>,
 
-    sender: Option<AudioSender<f32>>,
+    prod: Option<SampleProducer<f32>>,
     sample_counter: u64,
-
-    buffer: AudioBuffer<(f32, f32)>,
 }
 
 impl BusIo for Apu {
     fn read_byte(&self, addr: u16) -> u8 {
         match addr & 0x00FF {
+            0x10 => self.ch1.sweep(),
             0x11 => self.ch1.duty(),
             0x12 => self.ch1.envelope(),
             0x14 => self.ch1.freq_hi(),
@@ -136,55 +131,45 @@ impl Apu {
 
         self.div_prev = Some(bit_5);
 
-        if self.sender.is_some() && self.sample_counter >= SM83_CLOCK_SPEED {
+        if let Some(ref mut prod) = self.prod {
-            self.sample_counter %= SM83_CLOCK_SPEED;
+            if self.sample_counter >= SM83_CLOCK_SPEED {
-            // Sample the APU
+                self.sample_counter %= SM83_CLOCK_SPEED;
 
-            let ch1_amplitude = self.ch1.amplitude();
+                // Sample the APU
-            let ch1_left = self.ctrl.output.ch1_left() as u8 as f32 * ch1_amplitude;
+                let ch1_amplitude = self.ch1.amplitude();
-            let ch1_right = self.ctrl.output.ch1_right() as u8 as f32 * ch1_amplitude;
+                let ch1_left = self.ctrl.output.ch1_left() as u8 as f32 * ch1_amplitude;
+                let ch1_right = self.ctrl.output.ch1_right() as u8 as f32 * ch1_amplitude;
 
-            let ch2_amplitude = self.ch2.amplitude();
+                let ch2_amplitude = self.ch2.amplitude();
-            let ch2_left = self.ctrl.output.ch2_left() as u8 as f32 * ch2_amplitude;
+                let ch2_left = self.ctrl.output.ch2_left() as u8 as f32 * ch2_amplitude;
-            let ch2_right = self.ctrl.output.ch2_right() as u8 as f32 * ch2_amplitude;
+                let ch2_right = self.ctrl.output.ch2_right() as u8 as f32 * ch2_amplitude;
 
-            let ch3_amplitude = self.ch3.amplitude();
+                let ch3_amplitude = self.ch3.amplitude();
-            let ch3_left = self.ctrl.output.ch3_left() as u8 as f32 * ch3_amplitude;
+                let ch3_left = self.ctrl.output.ch3_left() as u8 as f32 * ch3_amplitude;
-            let ch3_right = self.ctrl.output.ch3_right() as u8 as f32 * ch3_amplitude;
+                let ch3_right = self.ctrl.output.ch3_right() as u8 as f32 * ch3_amplitude;
 
-            let ch4_amplitude = self.ch4.amplitude();
+                let ch4_amplitude = self.ch4.amplitude();
-            let ch4_left = self.ctrl.output.ch4_left() as u8 as f32 * ch4_amplitude;
+                let ch4_left = self.ctrl.output.ch4_left() as u8 as f32 * ch4_amplitude;
-            let ch4_right = self.ctrl.output.ch4_right() as u8 as f32 * ch4_amplitude;
+                let ch4_right = self.ctrl.output.ch4_right() as u8 as f32 * ch4_amplitude;
 
-            let left = (ch1_left + ch2_left + ch3_left + ch4_left) / 4.0;
+                let left = (ch1_left + ch2_left + ch3_left + ch4_left) / 4.0;
-            let right = (ch1_right + ch2_right + ch3_right + ch4_right) / 4.0;
+                let right = (ch1_right + ch2_right + ch3_right + ch4_right) / 4.0;
 
-            self.buffer.push_back((left, right));
+                prod.push(left)
+                    .and(prod.push(right))
+                    .expect("Add samples to ring buffer");
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn set_audio_sender(&mut self, sender: AudioSender<f32>) {
+    pub fn set_producer(&mut self, prod: SampleProducer<f32>) {
-        self.sender = Some(sender);
+        self.prod = Some(prod);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn is_full(&self) -> bool {
-        self.buffer.len() >= AUDIO_BUFFER_LEN * CHANNEL_COUNT
+        match self.prod.as_ref() {
-    }
+            Some(prod) => prod.is_full(),
-
+            None => false,
-    pub(crate) fn flush_samples(&mut self) {
-        if let Some(sender) = self.sender.as_ref() {
-            while self.buffer.len() >= CHANNEL_COUNT {
-                match self.buffer.pop_front() {
-                    Some((left, right)) => {
-                        sender
-                            .send_samples(left, right)
-                            .expect("Successfully sent samples across threads");
-                    }
-                    None => unreachable!(
-                        "While loop ensures that there are at least two items in AudioBuffer"
-                    ),
-                }
-            }
         }
     }
 

src/apu/gen.rs

@@ -1,47 +1,74 @@
-use super::{AUDIO_BUFFER_LEN, CHANNEL_COUNT, SAMPLE_RATE};
-use crossbeam_channel::{Receiver, SendError, Sender};
 use rodio::Source;
-use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use rtrb::{Consumer, Producer, PushError, RingBuffer};
 
-pub struct AudioMPSC;
+pub(crate) const SAMPLE_RATE: u32 = 48000; // Hz
+const CHANNEL_COUNT: usize = 2;
+const AUDIO_BUFFER_LEN: usize = 4096;
 
-impl AudioMPSC {
+pub struct AudioSPSC<T> {
-    pub fn init() -> (AudioSender<f32>, AudioReceiver<f32>) {
+    inner: RingBuffer<T>,
-        // TODO: Can we provide an upper limit for this?
+}
-        // The larger this channel is, the more lag there is between the Audio and
-        // Emulator
-        let (send, recv) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
 
-        (AudioSender { inner: send }, AudioReceiver { inner: recv })
+impl<T> Default for AudioSPSC<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: RingBuffer::new(AUDIO_BUFFER_LEN * CHANNEL_COUNT),
+        }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+impl<T> AudioSPSC<T> {
-pub struct AudioSender<T> {
+    pub fn new(capacity: usize) -> Self {
-    inner: Sender<T>,
+        Self {
-}
+            inner: RingBuffer::new(capacity),
+        }
+    }
 
-impl<T> AudioSender<T> {
+    pub fn init(self) -> (SampleProducer<T>, SampleConsumer<T>) {
-    pub(crate) fn send_samples(&self, left: T, right: T) -> Result<(), SendError<T>> {
+        let (prod, cons) = self.inner.split();
-        self.inner.send(left).and(self.inner.send(right))?;
+
-        Ok(())
+        (
+            SampleProducer { inner: prod },
+            SampleConsumer { inner: cons },
+        )
     }
 }
 
-pub struct AudioReceiver<T> {
+pub struct SampleProducer<T> {
-    inner: Receiver<T>,
+    inner: Producer<T>,
 }
 
-impl<T> Iterator for AudioReceiver<T> {
+impl<T> SampleProducer<T> {
-    type Item = T;
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, value: T) -> Result<(), PushError<T>> {
+        self.inner.push(value)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_full(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_full()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> std::fmt::Debug for SampleProducer<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct(&format!("SampleProducer<{}>", std::any::type_name::<T>()))
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SampleConsumer<T> {
+    inner: Consumer<T>,
+}
+
+impl Iterator for SampleConsumer<f32> {
+    type Item = f32;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        // TODO: Should this never return none?
+        // As of 2021-07-28, PopError can only be Empty
-        self.inner.recv().ok()
+        Some(self.inner.pop().unwrap_or_default())
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: rodio::Sample> Source for AudioReceiver<T> {
+impl Source for SampleConsumer<f32> {
     fn current_frame_len(&self) -> Option<usize> {
         // A frame changes when the samples rate or
         // number of channels change. This will never happen, so
@@ -63,30 +90,3 @@ impl<T: rodio::Sample> Source for AudioReceiver<T> {
         None
     }
 }
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct AudioBuffer<T> {
-    inner: VecDeque<T>,
-}
-
-impl<T> Default for AudioBuffer<T> {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            inner: VecDeque::with_capacity(AUDIO_BUFFER_LEN * CHANNEL_COUNT),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> AudioBuffer<T> {
-    pub(crate) fn push_back(&mut self, value: T) {
-        self.inner.push_back(value)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn pop_front(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
-        self.inner.pop_front()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.inner.len()
-    }
-}

src/bus.rs

@@ -70,10 +70,6 @@ impl Bus {
         &self.apu
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn apu_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Apu {
-        &mut self.apu
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn clock(&mut self) {
         self.ppu.clock();
         self.timer.clock();

src/cpu.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use crate::instruction::{Cycle, Instruction};
 use crate::interrupt::{InterruptEnable, InterruptFlag};
 use crate::joypad::Joypad;
 use crate::ppu::Ppu;
-use crate::timer::Timer;
 use bitfield::bitfield;
 use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter, Result as FmtResult};
 
@@ -127,8 +126,6 @@ impl Cpu {
             if !self.bus.apu().is_full() {
                 self.bus.clock();
                 elapsed += 1;
-            } else {
-                self.bus.apu_mut().flush_samples();
             }
         }
 
@@ -178,10 +175,6 @@ impl Cpu {
         &mut self.bus.joypad
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn timer(&self) -> &Timer {
-        &self.bus.timer
-    }
-
     fn check_ime(&mut self) {
         match self.ime {
             ImeState::Pending => {
@@ -292,7 +285,6 @@ impl Cpu {
             E => self.reg.e = value,
             H => self.reg.h = value,
             L => self.reg.l = value,
-            Flag => self.flags = value.into(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -307,7 +299,6 @@ impl Cpu {
             E => self.reg.e,
             H => self.reg.h,
             L => self.reg.l,
-            Flag => self.flags.into(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -409,7 +400,6 @@ pub(crate) enum Register {
     E,
     H,
     L,
-    Flag,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]

src/instruction.rs

@@ -1887,7 +1887,6 @@ impl TryFrom<Register> for InstrRegister {
             Register::E => Ok(Self::E),
             Register::H => Ok(Self::H),
             Register::L => Ok(Self::L),
-            Register::Flag => Err("Can not convert Register::Flag to InstrRegister"),
         }
     }
 }

src/lib.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pub use apu::gen::AudioMPSC;
+pub use apu::gen::AudioSPSC;
 pub use instruction::Cycle;
 
 pub const GB_WIDTH: usize = 160;

src/main.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use clap::{crate_authors, crate_description, crate_name, crate_version, App, Arg};
-use gb::{AudioMPSC, Cycle, GB_HEIGHT, GB_WIDTH};
+use gb::{AudioSPSC, Cycle, GB_HEIGHT, GB_WIDTH};
 use gilrs::Gilrs;
 use pixels::{PixelsBuilder, SurfaceTexture};
-use rodio::OutputStream;
+use rodio::{OutputStream, Sink};
 use std::time::Instant;
 use winit::dpi::LogicalSize;
 use winit::event::{Event, VirtualKeyCode};
@@ -65,16 +65,18 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
             .build()?
     };
 
-    let (send, recv) = AudioMPSC::init();
+    let spsc: AudioSPSC<f32> = Default::default();
-    game_boy.apu_mut().set_audio_sender(send);
+    let (prod, cons) = spsc.init();
+
+    game_boy.apu_mut().set_producer(prod);
 
     // Initialize Audio
     let (_stream, stream_handle) = OutputStream::try_default().expect("Initialized Audio");
+    let sink = Sink::try_new(&stream_handle)?;
+    sink.append(cons);
 
     std::thread::spawn(move || {
-        stream_handle
+        sink.sleep_until_end();
-            .play_raw(recv)
-            .expect("Failed to play Audio Source");
     });
 
     let mut now = Instant::now();