commit 35bc9e25f2b89da70b49e4911e2b9d34a8bdb520
Author: paoda <musukarekai@gmail.com>
Date:   Fri Nov 29 15:21:16 2019 -0400

    Initial Commit

diff --git a/intergral.py b/intergral.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e93e930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/intergral.py
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+# Assignment Name: Integral Approximator
+# Author: Rekai Nyangadzayi Musuka
+# Description: Approximates Any Given Function
+# Inputs: None
+# Outputs: A Graph in Turtle with the Approximated and Theorized Area, highlighted by drawing trapezoids or squares.
+# Version: 2019.0107.0
+
+#LINK TO GRAPH (DESMOS): https://www.desmos.com/calculator/igcdhrepy3
+
+import math
+import turtle
+
+CURSOR_SIZE = 0.1 # Makes the "Turtle" Invisible
+DRAW_SPEED  = 0
+
+#Cosmetic
+FONT_FAMILY =  "Consolas"
+NUM_FONT_SIZE = "8"
+LABEL_FONT_SIZE = "10"
+TEXT_SPACING = 15
+FIGURES = 5
+
+# Changes these to mess with the scale of the graph
+SCALE_X     = 80 # Scale of the X Axis OG: 80
+SCALE_Y     = 80 # Scale of the Y Axis OG: 80
+UNIT_LENGTH = 400 # Determines the maximum domain and Range of the cartesian plane (in this case (-400, 400) in both X and Y)
+
+
+# Best not to mess with these :)
+MIN_VALUE   = -2 # The Domain of X is -2 <= x <= 2
+MAX_VALUE   = 2
+TICK_STEP   = 1 # Draw Ticks according to an interval of this variable
+PLANE_INCREMENT = 1
+
+# Change DRAW_STEP for a more or less accurately drawn function
+DRAW_STEP   = 0.01 # What we Increment by when drawing the function
+
+# Change to shorten or lengthen the height of the tick
+TICK_HEIGHT = 10 # The Height of the Tick line
+
+# Changes How Detailed the Area Approximation (Trapezoid or Rectangle) is (higher is better)
+ITERATIONS = 100
+
+# Determines whether the program uses the rectangle rule 
+# or trapezoid rule (trapezoid is more exact I think?)
+
+# TODO? Implement Simpson's Rule?
+APPROX_TYPE = "trapezoid" # or square
+
+# Initializing Turtle Variables
+cursor = turtle.Turtle()
+win = turtle.Screen()
+cursor.shape()
+cursor.hideturtle()
+cursor.speed(DRAW_SPEED)
+
+# Draws a Cursor Tick
+def draw_tick(num, cursor, height, x_axis = False):
+  
+  # Function draws the numerical value of the x or y value at any given tick
+  def draw_num(angle, distance, num):
+    cursor.penup()
+    cursor.left(angle)
+    cursor.forward(distance)
+    cursor.write(num, align="center", font=(FONT_FAMILY, NUM_FONT_SIZE, "normal"))
+    cursor.backward(distance)
+    cursor.left(-angle)
+    cursor.pendown()
+
+  if x_axis:
+    draw_num(-90, (TICK_HEIGHT * 2), num)
+  else:
+    draw_num(90, (TICK_HEIGHT * 2), num)
+
+  for angle in [90, -180]: 
+    cursor.left(angle)
+    cursor.forward(height / 2)
+    cursor.backward(height / 2)
+  cursor.left(90)
+  
+
+# Draws the Cartesian Plane
+def create_plane():
+  cursor.penup()
+
+  cursor.goto(-UNIT_LENGTH, 0) # Goes to Fartheset left coordinate
+  cursor.pendown()
+
+  # Function will draw text nearby a given x value (used to draw axis labels).
+  def draw_axis_label(angle, distance, text):
+    cursor.penup()
+    cursor.left(angle)
+    cursor.forward(distance)
+    cursor.write(text, align="center", font=(FONT_FAMILY, LABEL_FONT_SIZE, "normal"))
+    cursor.backward(distance)
+    cursor.left(-angle)
+    cursor.pendown()
+
+  # This draws the x line of the cartesian plane
+  while (cursor.pos()[0]  <= UNIT_LENGTH): 
+    if (cursor.pos()[0] == -UNIT_LENGTH): draw_axis_label(-90, TICK_HEIGHT * 4, "X Axis") # If x is the furthermost left value, draw the x axis label below
+    if (cursor.pos()[0] % (TICK_STEP * SCALE_X) == 0): draw_tick(cursor.pos()[0], cursor, TICK_HEIGHT, True) # Draw ticks whenever the condition is met
+    cursor.forward(PLANE_INCREMENT)
+  
+  cursor.penup()
+  cursor.goto(0, -UNIT_LENGTH) # Goes to the farthest bottom coordinate
+  cursor.pendown()
+  cursor.left(90)
+  
+  # This draws the y line of the cartesian plane
+  while (cursor.pos()[1]  <= UNIT_LENGTH):
+    if (cursor.pos()[1] == -UNIT_LENGTH): draw_axis_label(90, TICK_HEIGHT * 4, "Y Axis") # If y is the furthermost bottom value, draw the y axis label there
+    if (cursor.pos()[1] % (TICK_STEP * SCALE_Y) == 0): draw_tick(cursor.pos()[1], cursor, TICK_HEIGHT, True) # Draw ticks whenever the if condition is met
+    cursor.forward(PLANE_INCREMENT)
+  
+  cursor.penup()
+
+# Used for Calculus Portion of Program
+def draw_rectangle(length, width):
+  arr = [width, length, width, length]
+  i = 0
+
+  while (i < len(arr)):
+    cursor.forward(arr[i])
+    cursor.left(90)
+    i += 1
+  
+  cursor.penup()
+  cursor.forward(width)
+  cursor.pendown()
+
+
+# Used for Calculus Portion of Program
+# Should Rewrite this sometime
+def draw_trapezoid(a, b, h):
+  # Drawing Trapezoid given Area
+  width_of_triangle = b - a 
+
+  c = math.sqrt(math.pow(h, 2) + math.pow(width_of_triangle, 2))
+
+  angle = math.atan2(h, width_of_triangle) * (180 / math.pi)
+
+  cursor.forward(h)
+  cursor.left(90)
+  cursor.forward(b)
+
+  cursor.left(180 - angle)
+  cursor.forward(c)
+  cursor.left(angle)
+  cursor.forward(a)
+  cursor.left(90)
+
+  cursor.penup()
+  cursor.forward(h)
+  cursor.pendown()
+
+
+# The function that draws the upper half of the Heart
+def f(x):
+  return math.sqrt(1 - ((math.fabs(x) - 1) ** 2))
+
+# The function that draws the Lower Half the the Heart
+def g(x):
+  return -3 * math.sqrt(1 - math.sqrt(math.fabs(x) / 2 ))
+
+# Calls create_plane() which draws and labels the cartesian plane.
+create_plane()
+
+
+# This will set x to -2 and this while loop will then draw f(x) at -2 to 2
+# Iterates between MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE and draws the calculated y value given the x value
+x = MIN_VALUE
+while (x <= MAX_VALUE):
+  cursor.goto(SCALE_X * x, SCALE_Y * f(x)) # f(x) is the top half of the heart
+  cursor.pendown()
+  x += DRAW_STEP
+
+cursor.penup()
+
+# # This will set x to -2 and loop through g(x) until it reaches 2
+# # Iterates between MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE and draws the calculated y value given the x value
+x = MIN_VALUE
+while (x <= MAX_VALUE):
+  cursor.goto(SCALE_X * x, SCALE_Y * g(x)) # g(x) is the bottom half of the heart
+  cursor.pendown()
+  x += DRAW_STEP
+
+
+# This code draws the functions used onto the screen.
+cursor.penup()
+cursor.goto(UNIT_LENGTH / 2, UNIT_LENGTH / 2) # We go to the middle of quadrant I
+cursor.right(180)
+cursor.write("Functions:", align="center", font=(FONT_FAMILY, NUM_FONT_SIZE, "normal"))
+cursor.forward(TEXT_SPACING)
+cursor.write("Top: y = math.sqrt(1 - ((math.abs(x) - 1) ** 2))", align="center", font=(FONT_FAMILY, NUM_FONT_SIZE, "normal"))
+cursor.forward(TEXT_SPACING)
+cursor.write("Bottom: y= math.sqrt(1 - math.sqrt(math.abs(x) / 2 ))", align="center", font=(FONT_FAMILY, NUM_FONT_SIZE, "normal"))
+
+# Intergral Stuff Goes Here 
+
+cursor.left(90) # Settings Cursor Back to it's default position (heading right)
+
+
+# Allows us to import a reasonably acccurate estimate as to what the intergral of a given function will be
+# By accurate I mean more accurate than our estimate.
+import scipy.integrate as integrate
+
+# Calculates Percent Error (the one we learned in chemistry)
+def percent_error(exper, accept):
+  return (math.fabs(exper - accept) / accept) * 100
+
+# Approximates the intergral of a function using the square rule.
+def approx_integral_square(func, a, b, n):
+  # n is how many rectangles you want.
+  # area is length * width
+  area = 0.0
+  width = (b - a) / n
+  i = 1
+
+  while (i <= n):
+    height = func(a + (i - 1) * width)
+
+    draw_rectangle(height * SCALE_Y, width * SCALE_Y)
+
+    area += width * height
+    i += 1
+
+  return area
+
+# Approximates the integral of a function using the trapezoid rule.
+def approx_integral_trapezoid(func, a, b, n): 
+  # n is how many trapezoids you want
+  width = (b - a) / n 
+  res = func(a) + func(b)
+  i = 1
+  
+  prev_height = func(a)
+
+  while (i < n):
+    height = func(a + (i * width))
+    draw_trapezoid(prev_height * SCALE_Y, height * SCALE_Y, width * SCALE_Y)
+    res += 2 * height 
+
+    prev_height = height
+    i += 1
+
+  return (width / 2) * res
+
+
+# Exact Results
+upper_area = integrate.quad(lambda x: f(x), MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE)
+lower_area = integrate.quad(lambda x: g(x), MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE)
+
+# Don't really care for the margin of error at the moment
+# Absolute Value of the area because we don't care about signed area at the moment.math.
+upper_area = math.fabs(upper_area[0])
+lower_area = math.fabs(lower_area[0])
+
+upper_area_approx = 0
+lower_area_approx = 0
+
+if (APPROX_TYPE == "square"):
+  cursor.goto(MIN_VALUE * SCALE_X, 0)
+  upper_area_approx = math.fabs(approx_integral_square(lambda x: f(x), MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, ITERATIONS))
+  
+  cursor.goto(MIN_VALUE * SCALE_X, 0)
+  lower_area_approx = math.fabs(approx_integral_square(lambda x: g(x), MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, ITERATIONS))
+elif (APPROX_TYPE == "trapezoid"):
+  cursor.goto(MIN_VALUE * SCALE_X, 0)
+  upper_area_approx = math.fabs(approx_integral_trapezoid(lambda x: f(x), MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, ITERATIONS))
+  
+  cursor.goto(MIN_VALUE * SCALE_X, 0)
+  lower_area_approx = math.fabs(approx_integral_trapezoid(lambda x: g(x), MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, ITERATIONS))
+
+
+# Probably Want to Display the Results or smth here.
+
+cursor.penup()
+cursor.goto(-(UNIT_LENGTH / 2), UNIT_LENGTH / 2) # We go to the middle of quadrant II
+cursor.right(90)
+if (APPROX_TYPE == "square"):
+  cursor.write("Using the Square Rule:", align="center", font=(FONT_FAMILY, NUM_FONT_SIZE, "normal"))
+else:
+  cursor.write("Using the Trapezoid Rule:", align="center", font=(FONT_FAMILY, NUM_FONT_SIZE, "normal"))
+
+cursor.forward(TEXT_SPACING)
+cursor.forward(TEXT_SPACING)
+
+cursor.write(("Approximated Top Half Area: " + str(round(upper_area_approx, FIGURES)) + " | Theorized: " + str(round(upper_area, FIGURES))), align="center", font=(FONT_FAMILY, NUM_FONT_SIZE, "normal"))
+cursor.forward(TEXT_SPACING)
+cursor.write(("Percent Error: " + str(round(percent_error(upper_area_approx, upper_area), FIGURES)) + "%"), align="center", font=(FONT_FAMILY, NUM_FONT_SIZE, "normal"))
+
+cursor.forward(TEXT_SPACING)
+cursor.forward(TEXT_SPACING)
+cursor.write(("Approximated Bottom Half Area: " + str(round(lower_area_approx, FIGURES)) + " | Theorized: " + str(round(lower_area, FIGURES))), align="center", font=(FONT_FAMILY, NUM_FONT_SIZE, "normal"))
+cursor.forward(TEXT_SPACING)
+cursor.write(("Percent Error: " + str(round(percent_error(lower_area_approx, lower_area), FIGURES)) + "%"), align="center", font=(FONT_FAMILY, NUM_FONT_SIZE, "normal"))
+
+win.exitonclick()
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diff --git a/testing.py b/testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfe6d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import math
+import turtle
+import scipy.integrate as integrate
+
+MIN_VALUE = -2
+MAX_VALUE = 2
+ITERATIONS = 100
+
+TURTLE_SCALE = 100
+
+#### TURTLE STUFF
+cursor = turtle.Turtle()
+win = turtle.Screen()
+cursor.shape()
+cursor.hideturtle()
+cursor.speed(0)
+cursor.goto(-2, 0)
+
+def draw_rectangle(length, width):
+  arr = [width, length, width, length]
+  i = 0
+
+  while (i < len(arr)):
+    cursor.forward(arr[i])
+    cursor.left(90)
+    i += 1
+  
+  cursor.penup()
+  cursor.forward(width)
+  cursor.pendown()
+
+def draw_trapezoid(a, b, h):
+  # Drawing Trapezoid given Area
+  width_of_triangle = b - a 
+
+  c = math.sqrt(math.pow(h, 2) + math.pow(width_of_triangle, 2))
+
+  angle = math.atan2(h, width_of_triangle) * (180 / math.pi)
+
+  cursor.forward(h)
+  cursor.left(90)
+  cursor.forward(b)
+
+  cursor.left(180 - angle)
+  cursor.forward(c)
+  cursor.left(angle)
+  cursor.forward(a)
+  cursor.left(90)
+
+  cursor.penup()
+  cursor.forward(h)
+  cursor.pendown()
+###
+
+# The function that draws the upper half of the Heart
+def f(x):
+  return math.sqrt(1 - ((math.fabs(x) - 1) ** 2))
+
+# The function that draws the Lower Half the the Heart
+def g(x):
+  return -3 * math.sqrt(1 - math.sqrt(math.fabs(x) / 2 ))
+
+def percent_error(exper, accept):
+  return (math.fabs(exper - accept) / accept) * 100
+
+def approx_integral_square(func, a, b, n):
+  # n is how many rectangles you want.
+  # area is length * width
+  area = 0.0
+  width = (b - a) / n
+  i = 1
+
+  while (i <= n):
+    height = func(a + (i - 1) * width)
+
+    # draw_rectangle(height * TURTLE_SCALE, width * TURTLE_SCALE)
+
+    area += width * height
+    i += 1
+
+  return area
+
+def approx_integral_trapezoid(func, a, b, n): 
+  # n is how many trapezoids you want
+  width = (b - a) / n 
+  res = func(a) + func(b)
+  i = 1
+  
+  prev_height = func(a)
+
+  while (i < n):
+    height = func(a + (i * width))
+    draw_trapezoid(prev_height * TURTLE_SCALE, height * TURTLE_SCALE, width * TURTLE_SCALE)
+    res += 2 * height
+
+    prev_height = height
+    i += 1
+
+  return (width / 2) * res
+
+
+
+
+# Compare Results
+upper_area = integrate.quad(lambda x: f(x), MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE)
+lower_area = integrate.quad(lambda x: g(x), MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE)
+
+# Don't really care for the margin of error at the moment
+# Absolute Value of the area because we don't care about signed area at the moment.math.
+upper_area = math.fabs(upper_area[0])
+lower_area = math.fabs(lower_area[0])
+
+
+print("Using the Square Method:")
+
+upper_area_approx = math.fabs(approx_integral_square(lambda x: f(x), MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, ITERATIONS))
+# cursor.goto(-2, 0)
+lower_area_approx = math.fabs(approx_integral_square(lambda x: g(x), MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, ITERATIONS))
+
+print("\nApproximated Top Half Area:", upper_area_approx, "Original:", upper_area)
+print("Percent Error: ", percent_error(upper_area_approx, upper_area), "%", sep="")
+
+print("\nApproximated Bottom Half Area:", lower_area_approx, "Original:", lower_area)
+print("Percent Error: ", percent_error(lower_area_approx, lower_area), "%\n", sep="")
+
+print("------")
+print("\nUsing the Trapezoid Method:")
+
+upper_area_approx = math.fabs(approx_integral_trapezoid(lambda x: f(x), MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, ITERATIONS))
+cursor.goto(-2, 0)
+lower_area_approx = math.fabs(approx_integral_trapezoid(lambda x: g(x), MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, ITERATIONS))
+
+
+print("\nApproximated Top Half Area:", upper_area_approx, "Original:", upper_area)
+print("Percent Error: ", percent_error(upper_area_approx, upper_area), "%", sep="")
+
+print("\nApproximated Bottom Half Area:", lower_area_approx, "Original:", lower_area)
+print("Percent Error: ", percent_error(lower_area_approx, lower_area), "%", sep="")
+
+
+# Contratulations!
+
+
+
+# Figuring out How to draw a Trapezoid in Turtle.
+
+win.exitonclick()
\ No newline at end of file